•The current review is an extensive study on agricultural utilization of biosolids and its potential effects on soil and plant grown.•Both positive as well as negative aspect of agricultural ...utilization of biosolids has been extensively discussed.•Even new aspect like biosolids and omics has also been covered in.•It has been tried to update the existing knowledge at its best and present the insight of pro and cons of agricultural utilization of biosolids.
Environmental and economic implications linked with the proper ecofriendly disposal of modern day wastes, has made it essential to come up with alternative waste management practices that reduce the environmental pressures resulting from unwise disposal of such wastes. Urban wastes like biosolids are loaded with essential plant nutrients. In this view, agricultural use of biosolids would enable recycling of these nutrients and could be a sustainable approach towards management of this hugely generated waste. Therefore biosolids i.e. sewage sludge can serve as an important resource for agricultural utilization. Biosolids are characterized by the occurrence of beneficial plant nutrients (essential elements and micro and macronutrients) which can make help them to work as an effective soil amendment, thereby minimizing the reliance on chemical fertilizers.
However, biosolids might contain toxic heavy metals that may limit its usage in the cropland. Heavy metals at higher concentration than the permissible limits may lead to food chain contamination and have fatal consequences. Biosolids amendment in soil can improve physical and nutrient property of soil depending on the quantity and portion of the mixture. Hence, biosolids can be a promising soil ameliorating supplement to increase plant productivity, reduce bioavailability of heavy metals and also lead to effective waste management.
In the present study we have proposed a new model of an anisotropic compact star which admits the Chaplygin equation of state. For this purpose, we consider Buchdahl ansatz. We obtain the solution of ...proposed model in closed form which is non-singular, regular and well-behaved. In addition to this, we show that the model satisfies all the energy conditions and maintains the hydrostatic equilibrium equation. This model represents compact stars like PSR B0943+10, Her X-1 and SAX J1808.4-3658 to a very good approximate.
Human factors are a primary cause of vehicle accidents. Driver monitoring systems, utilizing a range of sensors and techniques, offer an effective method to monitor and alert drivers to minimize ...driver error and reduce risky driving behaviors, thus helping to avoid Safety Critical Events (SCEs) and enhance overall driving safety. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, in particular, have been widely investigated to improve the efficiency and accuracy of driver monitoring or analysis of SCEs. To better understand the state-of-the-art practices and potential directions for AI tools in this domain, this work is an inaugural attempt to consolidate AI-related tools from academic and industry perspectives. We include an extensive review of AI models and sensors used in driver gaze analysis, driver state monitoring, and analyzing SCEs. Furthermore, researchers identified essential AI tools, both in academia and industry, utilized for camera-based driver monitoring and SCE analysis, in the market. Recommendations for future research directions are presented based on the identified tools and the discrepancies between academia and industry in previous studies. This effort provides a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of leveraging AI tools to minimize driver errors, avoid SCEs, and increase driving safety.
Abstract
In this research, we delve into the dynamics of an infected predator–prey system in the presence of fear and refuge, presenting a novel inclusion of treatment for infected individuals in ...this type of model. Through our analytical efforts, we establish a significant reproduction number that holds a pivotal role in determining disease extinction or persistence within the system. A noteworthy threshold value for this reproduction number delineates a boundary below which the infected population cannot endure in the system. It’s important to note that a range of reproduction numbers leads to both disease-free and endemic scenarios, yet the stability of these situations is contingent upon the initial population sizes. Furthermore, our investigation extends to the exploration of various types of bifurcation-namely, Backward, Saddle-node, and Hopf bifurcations. These findings unravel the intricate and diverse dynamics of the system. Of particular significance is the derivation of an optimal control policy for treatment, augmenting the practical utility of our work. The robustness of our analytical findings is fortified through meticulous verification via numerical simulations. These simulations not only bolster the credibility of our analytical results but also enhance their accessibility. Our study unveils that fear, refuge, and treatment possess individual capabilities to eradicate the disease from the system. Notably, increasing levels of fear and refuge exert a passive influence on the elimination of the infected population, whereas treatment wields an active influence-a crucial insight that bolsters the foundation of our model. Furthermore, our investigation uncovers a spectrum of system dynamics including bistability, one-period, two-period, and multi-period/chaotic behavior. These discoveries contribute to a profound enrichment of the system’s dynamic landscape.
The model endophyte Azoarcus sp. strain BH72 is known to contribute fixed nitrogen to its host Kallar grass and also expresses nitrogenase genes endophytically in rice seedlings. Availability of ...nitrogen is a signal regulating the transcription of nitrogenase genes. Therefore, we analysed global transcription in response to differences in the nitrogen source.
A DNA microarray, comprising 70-mer oligonucleotides representing 3989 open reading frames of the genome of strain BH72, was used for transcriptome studies. Transcription profiles of cells grown microaerobically on N2 versus ammonium were compared. Expression of 7.2% of the genes was significantly up-regulated, and 5.8% down-regulated upon N2 fixation, respectively. A parallel genome-wide prediction of σ(54)-type promoter elements mapped to the upstream region of 38 sequences of which 36 were modulated under the N2 response. In addition to modulation of genes related to N2 fixation, the expressions of gene clusters that might be related to plant-microbe interaction and of several transcription factors were significantly enhanced. While comparing under N2-fixation conditions the transcriptome of wild type with a nifLA(-) insertion mutant, NifA being the essential transcriptional activator for nif genes, 24.5% of the genome was found to be affected in expression. A genome-wide prediction of 29 NifA binding sequences matched to 25 of the target genes whose expression was differential during microarray analysis, some of which were putatively negatively regulated by NifA. For selected genes, differential expression was corroborated by real time RT-PCR studies.
Our data suggest that life under conditions of nitrogen fixation is an important part of the lifestyle of strain BH72 in roots, as a wide range of genes far beyond the nif regulon is modulated. Moreover, the NifA regulon in strain BH72 appears to encompass a wider range of cellular functions beyond the regulation of nif genes.
Here, we examine the exciting forces for an arrangement of two coaxial vertical cylinders—a riding porous cylinder and a submerged bottom-mounted solid rigid cylinder. We take up two cases: first we ...consider a hollow porous cylinder at the top and secondly a solid porous cylinder at the top, and for both the cases, there is a solid rigid cylinder placed at the bottom. The present configuration may be observed as a wave energy device which can tap and transfer ocean wave energy to be used as non-conventional energy. A three-dimensional representation of the problem is developed, based on the familiar method of eigenfunction expansion under the assumption of linear water wave theory. The important porous boundary condition on the porous boundary can be defined by means of Darcy’s law. The matching conditions across the linear interface between the adjacent fluid domains can be obtained through the continuity of pressure and velocity. Subsequently, after solving a system of linear equations, exciting forces and wave run-up for the upper and lower cylinders are calculated through the evaluated velocity potentials. Various numerical experiments show the effect of different parameters, such as porous coefficients, draft ratio, the ratio of radii of the upper and lower cylinders and the water depth on exciting force and wave run-up. It is also shown that higher porosity value of the upper cylinder results in higher energy loss conforming to the wave dissipation by the structure. The obtained results establish that appropriate values of different parameters may be considered in designing practical structures in ocean. Successful validation of the present model carried out with an available established one confirms the efficiency of the present model. The present system may be considered as a wave energy device in other problems where it can tap and transfer ocean wave energy to be used as non-conventional energy.
The use of magnetic tweezers for single-molecule micromanipulation has evolved rapidly since its introduction approximately 30 years ago. Magnetic tweezers have provided important insights into the ...dynamic activity of DNA-processing enzymes, as well as detailed, high-resolution information on the mechanical properties of DNA. These successes have been enabled by major advancements in the hardware and software components of these devices. These developments now allow for a much richer mechanistic understanding of the functions and mechanisms of DNA-binding enzymes. In this review, the authors briefly discuss the fundamental principles of magnetic tweezers and describe the advancements that have made it a superlative tool for investigating, at the single-molecule level, DNA and its interactions with DNA-binding proteins.
Following the modern-day urbanization and industrialization, heavy metal contamination has become a prime concern for today’s society. Starting from the agricultural soil in our food basket these ...heavy metals and metalloids, like - Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Hg,Pb and others, showing significant toxic impacts. The intensification of agricultural land-use and changes in farming practices along with technological advancement has led to heavy metal pollution in soil. Metals/ metalloids concentrations in the soil are increasing at alarming rate due to modern day agricultural practices as these could not be degraded and affect plant growth, food safety and soil microflora. The biological and geological reorganization of heavy metal depends chiefly on green plants and their metabolism. Metal toxicity has direct effects and importance to flora that forms the integral component of ecosystem. Altered biochemical, physiological and metabolic processes are found in plants growing in regions of high metal pollution. However, metals like Cu, Mn, Co, Zn and Cr are required in trace amounts by plants for their metabolic activities. The present review aims to catalogue major published works related to heavy metal contamination in modern day agriculture, and draw a possible road map towards future research in this domain.
Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is regulated in part via vasopressin-mediated changes in protein half-life that are in turn dependent on AQP2 ubiquitination. Here we addressed the question, "What E3 ubiquitin ...ligase is most likely to be responsible for AQP2 ubiquitination?" using large-scale data integration based on Bayes' rule. The first step was to bioinformatically identify all E3 ligase genes coded by the human genome. The 377 E3 ubiquitin ligases identified in the human genome, consisting predominant of HECT, RING, and U-box proteins, have been used to create a publically accessible and downloadable online database (https://hpcwebapps.cit.nih.gov/ESBL/Database/E3-ligases/). We also curated a second database of E3 ligase accessory proteins that included BTB domain proteins, cullins, SOCS-box proteins, and F-box proteins. Using Bayes' theorem to integrate information from multiple large-scale proteomic and transcriptomic datasets, we ranked these 377 E3 ligases with respect to their probability of interaction with AQP2. Application of Bayes' rule identified the E3 ligases most likely to interact with AQP2 as (in order of probability): NEDD4 and NEDD4L (tied for first), AMFR, STUB1, ITCH, ZFPL1. Significantly, the two E3 ligases tied for top rank have also been studied extensively in the reductionist literature as regulatory proteins in renal tubule epithelia. The concordance of conclusions from reductionist and systems-level data provides strong motivation for further studies of the roles of NEDD4 and NEDD4L in the regulation of AQP2 protein turnover.
Employing the methods of separation of variables and matched eigenfunction expansions for velocity potential, analytical solutions are proposed for a water wave radiation problem of a floating ...semi-porous compound cylinder in finite ocean depth. The configuration of the semi-porous compound cylinder is such that it consists of an impermeable inner cylinder rising above the free surface and a coaxial truncated porous cylinder around the lower part of the inner cylinder with the top of the porous cylinder being impermeable. The condition on the porous boundary is defined by applying Darcy’s law as in Williams et al. (Ocean Eng 27:1–28, 2000) . The translational motions in the
x
- and
z
-directions, i.e., surge and heave motions, are investigated. A mathematical model is developed which can be considered as an extension of a number of the earlier works, e.g., Kokkinowrachos et al. (Ocean Eng 13:505–538, 1986) and Calisal and Subancu (Ocean Eng 11(5):529–542, 1984), in which significance of porosity of the structure was neglected. Numerical investigation is taken up here in order to examine the influence of submerged depth, radii, porous coefficient, and water depth on added mass and radiation damping, two most important entities in radiation problems, with respect to surge and heave motions. It is found that the variation of porous coefficient, radii, and depth has a significant influence on the added mass and damping coefficients for the semi-porous compound cylinder. The added mass is found not sufficiently affected by lower values of porous coefficient
G
, but exhibits significant variation corresponding to higher values of
G
. Another important observation is that the damping coefficients oscillate alternately between negative and positive values which can be attributed to coupled behavior between different motions. The results establish that an appropriate optimal ratio of various parameters may be considered in designing ocean structures with minimum adverse hydrodynamic effect. The effectiveness of the present model is validated by comparing it with an available result which shows an excellent agreement.
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