English and American school children were compared on the Test Anxiety Scale (TA), the General Anxiety Scale (GA), and the Lie Scale (LS). It was predicted that: English children would have higher TA ...scores; there would be no difference in GA scores between countries; TA and grade in school would be positively correlated, but GA would be independent of grade level; Ss scoring high on the LS would have lower TA and GA scores than those low on the LS; and girls would have higher TA and GA means than boys in both countries. The results supported these hypotheses. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2FF29S.
Since their introduction as laboratory devices about five years ago, negative electron affinity (NEA) electron emitters have found many applications for low-light-level detection. Over forty types of ...photomultiplier tubes with NEA materials are now available for detection of light from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. These devices provide useful photosensitivity to 1.1 micrometers. The detectors which are currently available will be reviewed, and the prospects for the near future will be discussed. A general summary of the contribution of NEA materials to low-light-level detection will be included.
The performance of photomultipliers having first dynodes of cesium-activated GaP with gains of from 30 to 50 is discussed. The resolution capabilities are high enough so that the pulse height ...distribution obtained from low intensity scintillations breaks up into separate peaks for one electron, two electrons, etc. This high resolution makes it possible to separate unwanted single electron dark pulses from the scintillation signal pulses very effectively. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a single electron pulse height distribution is typically 40% to 50%. Methods of measuring the resolution of these tubes are discussed together with some of the results obtained. These high gain dynodes appear to have good life characteristics. Their life and fatigue properties are as good or better than those of CuBe dynodes.
An investigation of electron-induced ionization and displacement damage in N-P-N and P-N-P transistors at medium and low powers is presented. Measurements of base and collector currents as a function ...of base-emitter voltage with radiation as a parameter were made. The transistors were irradiated sequentially with 125 keV and 1 MeV electrons. Initial saturation of surface-damage effects with 125 keV made possible the separation of displacement and surface damage. The results show that the dominant displacement damage occurs within the emitter-base transistor region for fluence levels less than or equal to 5×1015 1 MeV e/cm2 and emitter currents less than or equal to 10 milliamperes in the 2N2102 and 2N1132 transistors. Above this fluence level, displacement damage in the bulk of the base region becomes effective. Isochronal and isothermal annealing measurements indicate that the results can be explained by attributing the damage in the transistion region to recombination current losses at K-centers for N-P-N transistors and A-centers for P-N-P transistors.
Data is presented on a room-temperature instability which has been observed in certain types of MOS systems after bombardment with ionizing radiation. This instability can cause the transfer ...characteristic of an irradiated MOS transistor to shift rapidly when bias is applied. The shift can be as much as 3 volts for a unit that has been bombarded with 1015 1 MeV electrons/cm2. In order to explain this effect it is postulated that the ionizing radiation introduces a number of surface trapping sites in the oxide which can exchange charge very slowly with silicon. Shifts in transfer characteristic under bombardment, due to immobile charge accumulation in oxide were also observed. The shifts observed were unusual in that they indicate negative charge buildup, which is contrary to the usual finding.
The hypothesized role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is rich in dreams, in the formation of new associations, has remained anecdotal. We examined the role of REM on creative problem ...solving, with the Remote Associates Test (RAT). Using a nap paradigm, we manipulated various conditions of prior exposure to elements of a creative problem. Compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM enhanced the formation of associative networks and the integration of unassociated information. Furthermore, these REM sleep benefits were not the result of an improved memory for the primed items. This study shows that compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM enhances the integration of unassociated information for creative problem solving, a process, we hypothesize, that is facilitated by cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation during REM sleep.
Tattooing, the introduction of exogenous pigments into the skin, has a rich history spanning thousands of years, with cultural, cosmetic, and medical significance. With the increasing prevalence of ...tattoos, understanding their potential complications and contraindications is of growing importance. The most common complications are hypersensitivity reactions, which may vary in morphology and timing. Infectious complications are often due to inadequate aseptic and hygienic practices during the tattooing process or healing period. Tattoo pigment can present diagnostic challenges, affecting cancer diagnosis and imaging. This CME article explores the history, cultural significance, epidemiology, chemistry, technique, contraindications, and complications of tattoos. Appreciating these factors can help individuals considering tattoos understand the safety and potential risks of their body art, and provide physicians with a thorough understanding of tattooing if consulted.Tattooing, the introduction of exogenous pigments into the skin, has a rich history spanning thousands of years, with cultural, cosmetic, and medical significance. With the increasing prevalence of tattoos, understanding their potential complications and contraindications is of growing importance. The most common complications are hypersensitivity reactions, which may vary in morphology and timing. Infectious complications are often due to inadequate aseptic and hygienic practices during the tattooing process or healing period. Tattoo pigment can present diagnostic challenges, affecting cancer diagnosis and imaging. This CME article explores the history, cultural significance, epidemiology, chemistry, technique, contraindications, and complications of tattoos. Appreciating these factors can help individuals considering tattoos understand the safety and potential risks of their body art, and provide physicians with a thorough understanding of tattooing if consulted.
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