Abstract
Motivation
Neural methods to extract drug–drug interactions (DDIs) from literature require a large number of annotations. In this study, we propose a novel method to effectively utilize ...external drug database information as well as information from large-scale plain text for DDI extraction. Specifically, we focus on drug description and molecular structure information as the drug database information.
Results
We evaluated our approach on the DDIExtraction 2013 shared task dataset. We obtained the following results. First, large-scale raw text information can greatly improve the performance of extracting DDIs when combined with the existing model and it shows the state-of-the-art performance. Second, each of drug description and molecular structure information is helpful to further improve the DDI performance for some specific DDI types. Finally, the simultaneous use of the drug description and molecular structure information can significantly improve the performance on all the DDI types. We showed that the plain text, the drug description information and molecular structure information are complementary and their effective combination is essential for the improvement.
Availability and implementation
Our code is available at https://github.com/tticoin/DESC_MOL-DDIE.
Background
We previously reported that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with non-viral etiologies increased rapidly between 1991 and 2010 in Japan.
Methods
To update this ...investigation, we enrolled patients who were initially diagnosed as having non-B, non-C HCC at participating hospitals between 2011 and 2015. In addition to the patient characteristics investigated in the previous report, we also investigated the duration of alcohol consumption. The overall survival rate was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the hazard function against the body mass index (BMI) was plotted using cubic splines.
Results
A total of 2087 patients were enrolled. The proportion of patients with non-viral etiologies has continued to increase from 10.0% in 1991 to 32.5% in 2015. Patients were also older (median ages, 70–73 years) and more obese (median BMIs, 23.9–24.2 kg/m
2
), and the proportions of patients with diabetes mellitus (46.1% to 51.6%), hypertension (42.7% to 58.6%), dyslipidemia (14.6% to 22.9%), and fatty liver (24.0% to 28.8%) had all increased significantly. There was a significant inverse relationship between the duration and the amount of daily alcohol consumption. The improvement in the overall survival was relatively small, with a decreased proportion of patients under surveillance (41.3% to 31.6%). A hazard function plot showed a curve similar to that in our previous report, with a lowest hazard of ~ 26 kg/m
2
.
Conclusions
The proportion of HCC patients with non-viral etiologies continues to increase in Japan. Lifetime total amount of alcohol consumption may be a risk factor.
Due to rapid expansions of renewable energy (RE) generations, it becomes more important to assess the feasibility of power system operation under limited controllable resources. Especially, exact ...evaluation of the system reserve for preserving system security is required under erroneous RE output predictions. This paper proposes a method to evaluate the size of the feasible region of power system operation in control space for the examination of the effective system reserve margin under uncertainties. Predicted RE and demands with their confidence intervals (CIs) are specified to formulate a problem for the evaluation of the size of the worst-case feasible region, where positive size implies feasibility, while negative, infeasibility. The method computes the degree of system security, which is referred to as "Robust Power System Security" in this paper. The problem is formulated as bi-level optimization, which is linearized and transformed into the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. This is a new approach in the treatment of uncertainties. We use DC power flow and linear constrained dynamic economic dispatch problem to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed approach is useful in power system planning in analyzing the feasibility of dynamic real-time operation in future circumstance.
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is regarded as a promising approach to the production of hydrogen, and the development of efficient photoelectrodes is one aspect of realizing practical systems. ...In this work, transparent Ta3N5 photoanodes were fabricated on n‐type GaN/sapphire substrates to promote O2 evolution in tandem with a photocathode, to realize overall water splitting. Following the incorporation of an underlying GaN layer, a photocurrent of 6.3 mA cm−2 was achieved at 1.23 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode. The transparency of Ta3N5 to wavelengths longer than 600 nm allowed incoming solar light to be transmitted to a CuInSe2 (CIS), which absorbs up to 1100 nm. A stand‐alone tandem cell with a serially‐connected dual‐CIS unit terminated with a Pt/Ni electrode was thus constructed for H2 evolution. This tandem cell exhibited a solar‐to‐hydrogen energy conversion efficiency greater than 7 % at the initial stage of the reaction.
A transparent Ta3N5 photoanode was fabricated on GaN/Al2O3 substrate to develop the tandem cell for overall water splitting. The transparency of Ta3N5/GaN/Al2O3 to wavelengths longer than 600 nm allowed incoming solar light to be transmitted to a CuInSe2 (CIS). A stand‐alone tandem cell with a serially‐connected dual‐CIS‐based cathode was constructed. This tandem cell exhibited an initial solar‐to‐hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 7 %.
The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway plays critical roles in tumour immunology, and serves as an immune-based therapeutic target. Less is known regarding PD-L2, another ligand of PD-1, and its relation to clinical ...outcome in human cancers.
We used a database of 437 surgically and 100 endoscopically resected oesophageal cancers (squamous cell carcinoma, n = 483; adenocarcinoma, n = 36; others, n = 18) to evaluate PD-L2 and PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry.
Compared with PD-L2-negative cases (n = 366, 83.8%), PD-L2-positive cases (n = 71, 16.2%) had worse overall survival (P = 0.011, log-rank test). There was not a significant correlation between PD-L2 and PD-L1 expression. Multiplex immunofluorescence revealed that there was variability in the expression pattern of PD-L2 and PD-L1. In early-stage tumours, PD-L2 expression was more frequently observed compared with PD-L1.
PD-L2 as well as PD-L1 were associated with an unfavourable prognosis in oesophageal cancer, supporting the role of PD-L2 as a prognostic biomarker. Considering that PD-L2 and PD-L1 had different features in terms of expression timing and responses to chemotherapeutic drugs, evaluation of both PD-L2 and PD-L1 expression may be clinically important.
Ta3N5 is a very promising photocatalyst for solar water splitting because of its wide spectrum solar energy utilization up to 600 nm and suitable energy band position straddling the water splitting ...redox reactions. However, its development has long been impeded by poor compatibility with electrolytes. Herein, we demonstrate a simple sputtering‐nitridation process to fabricate high‐performance Ta3N5 film photoanodes owing to successful synthesis of the vital TaOδ precursors. An effective GaN coating strategy is developed to remarkably stabilize Ta3N5 by forming a crystalline nitride‐on‐nitride structure with an improved nitride/electrolyte interface. A stable, high photocurrent density of 8 mA cm−2 was obtained with a CoPi/GaN/Ta3N5 photoanode at 1.2 VRHE under simulated sunlight, with O2 and H2 generated at a Faraday efficiency of unity over 12 h. Our vapor‐phase deposition method can be used to fabricate high‐performance (oxy)nitrides for practical photoelectrochemical applications.
Solar energy conversion: A simple and reliable vapor‐phase deposition technique is developed for fabricating GaN/Ta3N5 thin films that achieve state‐of‐the‐art solar water splitting performance and stability. The GaN overcoating strategy is readily applicable to stabilize various promising (oxy)nitrides for practical photo‐electrochemical applications.
This paper describes a superconductivity corpus for materials informatics (SC-CoMIcs) tailored for the extraction of superconductive material information from the literature. Currently, few corpora ...exist for materials informatics in contrast to the situation for biomedical informatics. In particular, there is no sizable corpus that can be used to assist with the search for superconducting materials. The SC-CoMIcs consists of 1,000 abstracts with manually annotated named entities, main materials, and relations/events associated with superconductivity. In particular, the main material is a selling point of our corpus, which can be regarded as a hub that binds implicitly related physical entities and properties in abstracts. We conduct named entity recognition, main material identification, and relation/event extraction experiments to determine the effectiveness of the corpus. The experimental results show that we can obtain F1 scores of approximately 74%–95%, 84% and 73%–97% for named entity recognition, main material identification and relation extraction tasks, respectively. We also demonstrate that the extracted doping information is consistent with that of the well-known Hume–Rothery rules, which implies that the constructed corpus can provide an opportunity to revisit or find physical chemical rules from the literature.
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