GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGE Hansen, J.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M. ...
Reviews of geophysics (1985),
December 2010, Volume:
48, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We update the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis of global surface temperature change, compare alternative analyses, and address questions about perception and reality of global ...warming. Satellite‐observed night lights are used to identify measurement stations located in extreme darkness and adjust temperature trends of urban and periurban stations for nonclimatic factors, verifying that urban effects on analyzed global change are small. Because the GISS analysis combines available sea surface temperature records with meteorological station measurements, we test alternative choices for the ocean data, showing that global temperature change is sensitive to estimated temperature change in polar regions where observations are limited. We use simple 12 month (and n × 12) running means to improve the information content in our temperature graphs. Contrary to a popular misconception, the rate of warming has not declined. Global temperature is rising as fast in the past decade as in the prior 2 decades, despite year‐to‐year fluctuations associated with the El Niño‐La Niña cycle of tropical ocean temperature. Record high global 12 month running mean temperature for the period with instrumental data was reached in 2010.
We report measurements of parallaxes and proper motions of ten high-mass star-forming regions in the Sagittarius spiral arm of the Milky Way as part of the BeSSeL Survey with the VLBA. Combining ...these results with eight others from the literature, we investigated the structure and kinematics of the arm between Galactocentric azimuths β ≈ −2° and 65°. We found that the spiral pitch angle is 7°.3 ± 1°.5; the arm’s half-width, defined as the rms deviation from the fitted spiral, is ≈0.2 kpc; and the nearest portion of the Sagittarius arm is 1.4 ± 0.2 kpc from the Sun. Unlike for adjacent spiral arms, we found no evidence for significant peculiar motions of sources in the Sagittarius arm opposite to Galactic rotation.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has an important role in cancer progression, and high levels of plasma IL-6 are correlated with a poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. It has also been reported that tumour ...stromal fibroblasts are necessary for steps in cancer progression, such as angiogenesis. There have been few reports of a correlation between fibroblast actions and IL-6 levels. In this study, we examined the correlation between cancer stromal fibroblasts and IL-6 and the utility of IL-6 as a therapeutic target in human colon cancer.
The expression levels of IL-6 and VEGF of fibroblasts and cancer cell lines were evaluated using real-time PCR and ELISA. The anti-angiogenic effect of inhibiting IL-6 signalling was measured in an angiogenesis model and animal experiment.
We demonstrate that stromal fibroblasts isolated from colon cancer produced significant amounts of IL-6 and that colon cancer cells enhanced IL-6 production by stromal fibroblasts. Moreover, IL-6 enhanced VEGF production by fibroblasts, thereby inducing angiogenesis. In vivo, anti-IL6 receptor antibody targeting stromal tissue showed greater anti-tumour activity than did anti-IL6 receptor antibody targeting xenografted cancer cells.
Cancer stromal fibroblasts were an important source of IL-6 in colon cancer. IL-6 produced by activated fibroblasts induced tumour angiogenesis by stimulating adjacent stromal fibroblasts. The relationship between IL-6 and stromal fibroblasts offers new approaches to cancer therapy.
We report four trigonometric parallaxes for high-mass star-forming regions within 4 kpc of the Galactic center. These measurements were made with the Very Long Baseline Array as part of the BeSSeL ...Survey. By associating these sources kinematically with large-scale features in CO and HI longitude-velocity diagrams, we begin to outline some major features of the inner Milky Way: the Connecting arm, the near and far 3 kpc arms, and the Norma arm. The Connecting arm in the first Galactic quadrant lies closer to the Galactic center than the far 3 kpc arm and is offset by the long-bar's major axis near its leading edge, supporting the presence of an inner Lindblad resonance. Assuming the 3 kpc arms are a continuous physical structure, the relative Galactocentric distance of its near and far sides suggests highly elliptical streamlines of gas around the barfs) and a bar corotation radius, r sub(CR) gap 3.6 kpc. At a Galactic longitude near 10degrees and a heliocentric distance of about 5 kpc, the near 3 kpc arm and the Norma arm intersect on a face-on view of our Galaxy, while passing at different Galactic latitudes. We provide an accurate distance measurement to the W 31 star-forming complex of 4.95 super(+0.51) sub(-0.43) kpc from the Sun, which associates it with a bright CO feature belonging to the near 3 kpc arm.
The probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) has a protective effect against metabolic syndrome in rats and humans. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this ...study, Goto-Kakizaki rats were used as a diabetic model and fed diets containing LG2055-fermented or nonfermented skim milk for 4 wk. Indices of diabetes such as blood glucose levels, serum glucagon levels, plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1, tissue glycogen contents, and pancreatic mRNA levels were measured. The plasma C-peptide levels and pancreatic mRNA levels of insulin genes (Ins1 and Ins2) and Pdx1 (a transcriptional factor of insulin genes) were increased in LG2055 diet-fed rats. The increase in insulin secretion corresponded to an improvement in serum and pancreatic inflammatory status, associated with decreases in serum levels of serum amyloid P and pancreatic levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Insulin resistance in Goto-Kakizaki rats was ameliorated by increased glycogen storage in the liver and quadriceps femoris muscles and decreased serum free fatty acid levels. This improvement may be related to the increased cecal production of short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, dietary LG2055 improved insulin secretion in diabetic rats by improving the inflammatory status in the pancreas and serum.
Over 100 trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions for masers associated with young, high-mass stars have been measured with the Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy Survey, a Very Long Baseline Array ...key science project, the European VLBI Network, and the Japanese VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry project. These measurements provide strong evidence for the existence of spiral arms in the MilkyWay, accurately locatingmany arm segments and yielding spiral pitch angles ranging from about 7degrees to 20degrees. Assuming a "universal" spiral galaxy form for the rotation curve, we estimate the thin disk scale length to be 2.44 + or - 0.16 kpc. With this large data set, the parameters R sub(0) and Theta sub(0) are no longer highly correlated and are relatively insensitive to different forms of the rotation curve.
This paper is concerned with the design problem of causal gain-scheduled output feedback controllers for linear parameter-varying systems using parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions. This research ...topic has already been addressed by several researchers, and several effective methods have been correspondingly proposed in terms of parametrically dependent matrix inequalities. This paper addresses the dual formulation of one of the methods, and successfully derives the counterpart result in continuous-time case but points out the intractability of deriving the counterpart result in discrete-time case. It is also shown, in discrete-time case, that the intractability disappears and a design method similar to an existing method is successfully derived if the causality with respect to scheduling parameters is abandoned, namely, if one-step ahead scheduling parameters are available. A toy example is introduced to confirm that, in continuous-time case, the derived dual formulation gives the same performance as the previously proposed method for the dual state-space representation of the example.
We report measurements of trigonometric parallaxes for six high-mass star-forming regions in the Scutum spiral arm of the Milky Way as part of the BeSSeL Survey. Combining our measurements with 10 ...previous measurements from the BeSSeL Survey yields a total sample of 16 sources in the Scutum arm with trigonometric parallaxes in the Galactic longitude range from 5degrees to 32degrees. Assuming a logarithmic spiral model, we estimate a pitch angle of 19degrees.8 + or - 3degrees.1 for the Scutum arm, which is larger than pitch angles reported for other spiral arms. The high pitch angle of the arm may be due to the arm's proximity to the Galactic bar. The Scutum arm sources show an average peculiar motion of 4 km s super(-1) slower than the Galactic rotation and 8 km s super(-1) toward the Galactic center. While the direction of this non-circular motion has the same sign as determined for sources in other spiral arms, the motion toward the Galactic center is greater for the Scutum arm sources.
PDF
