We present new detailed NLTE calculations for model atmospheres of novae
during outburst. This fully self-consistent NLTE treatment for a number of
model atoms includes 3922 NLTE levels and 47061 ...NLTE primary transitions. We
discuss the implication of departures from LTE for the strengths of the lines
in nova spectra. The new results show that our large set of NLTE lines
constitute the majority of the total line blanketing opacity in nova
atmospheres. Although we include LTE background lines, their effect are small
on the model structures and on the synthetic spectra. We demonstrate that the
assumption of LTE leads to incorrect synthetic spectra and that NLTE
calculations are required for reliably modeling nova spectra. In addition, we
show that detailed NLTE treatment for a number of ionization stages of iron
changes the results of previous calculations and improve the fit to observed
nova spectra.
A procedure for the reconstitution of the lactose carrier protein, a galactoside:proton symporter in Escherichia coli, is described. Starting from cytoplasmic membranes derived from ...carrier-overproducing strains, essentially all proteins including 89% of the carrier are solubilized by a mixture of dodecyl/tetradecyl polyoxyethylene (n = 9.5) ether and dodecyl O-beta-D-maltoside. In the micellar state the carrier binds substrates with reduced affinity. Addition of E. coli phospholipids and removal of detergents by a hydrophobic column yields small vesicles (50-60-nm diameter). In these vesicles, about 70% of the carrier is recovered and reconstituted carrier is identical to native carrier in terms of substrate binding. After fusion of the small vesicles into larger vesicles (1-5 micrometers), rapid countertransport of galactosides is demonstrated. Attempts to show active galactoside transport by the imposition of artificial electrical potential or pH gradients were unsuccessful, most likely because the reconstituted vesicles are in fact highly permeable to protons.
We present new detailed NLTE calculations for model atmospheres of novae during outburst. This fully self-consistent NLTE treatment for a number of model atoms includes 3922 NLTE levels and 47061 ...NLTE primary transitions. We discuss the implication of departures from LTE for the strengths of the lines in nova spectra. The new results show that our large set of NLTE lines constitute the majority of the total line blanketing opacity in nova atmospheres. Although we include LTE background lines, their effect are small on the model structures and on the synthetic spectra. We demonstrate that the assumption of LTE leads to incorrect synthetic spectra and that NLTE calculations are required for reliably modeling nova spectra. In addition, we show that detailed NLTE treatment for a number of ionization stages of iron changes the results of previous calculations and improve the fit to observed nova spectra.
