The RENO experiment reports more precisely measured values of θ_{13} and |Δm_{ee}^{2}| using ∼2200 live days of data. The amplitude and frequency of reactor electron antineutrino (νover ¯_{e}) ...oscillation are measured by comparing the prompt signal spectra obtained from two identical near and far detectors. In the period between August 2011 and February 2018, the far (near) detector observed 103 212 (850 666) νover ¯_{e} candidate events with a background fraction of 4.8% (2.0%). A clear energy and baseline dependent disappearance of reactor νover ¯_{e} is observed in the deficit of the measured number of νover ¯_{e}. Based on the measured far-to-near ratio of prompt spectra, we obtain sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0896±0.0048(stat)±0.0047(syst) and |Δm_{ee}^{2}|=2.68±0.12(stat)±0.07(syst)×10^{-3} eV^{2}.
We report a fuel-dependent reactor electron antineutrino (νover ¯_{e}) yield using six 2.8 GW_{th} reactors in the Hanbit nuclear power plant complex, Yonggwang, Korea. The analysis uses 850 666 ...νover ¯_{e} candidate events with a background fraction of 2.0% acquired through inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions in the near detector for 1807.9 live days from August 2011 to February 2018. Based on multiple fuel cycles, we observe a fuel ^{235}U dependent variation of measured IBD yields with a slope of (1.51±0.23)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission and measure a total average IBD yield of (5.84±0.13)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission. The hypothesis of no fuel-dependent IBD yield is ruled out at 6.6σ. The observed IBD yield variation over ^{235}U isotope fraction does not show significant deviation from the Huber-Mueller (HM) prediction at 1.3 σ. The measured fuel-dependent variation determines IBD yields of (6.15±0.19)×10^{-43} and (4.18±0.26)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission for two dominant fuel isotopes ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu, respectively. The measured IBD yield per ^{235}U fission shows the largest deficit relative to the HM prediction. Reevaluation of the ^{235}U IBD yield per fission may mostly solve the reactor antineutrino anomaly (RAA) while ^{239}Pu is not completely ruled out as a possible contributor to the anomaly. We also report a 2.9 σ correlation between the fractional change of the 5 MeV excess and the reactor fuel isotope fraction of ^{235}U.
The Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO) has been taking electron antineutrino (ν¯e) data from the reactors in Yonggwang, Korea, using two identical detectors since August 2011. Using ...roughly 500 live days of data through January 2013 we observe 290 775 (31 514) reactor ν¯e candidate events with 2.8% (4.9%) background in the near (far) detector. The observed visible positron spectra from the reactor ν¯e events in both detectors show a discrepancy around 5 MeV with regard to the prediction from the current reactor ν¯e model. Based on a far-to-near ratio measurement using the spectral and rate information, we have obtained sin22θ13=0.082±0.009(stat.)±0.006(syst.) and |Δmee2|=2.62−0.23+0.21(stat.)−0.13+0.12(syst.)×10−3 eV2.
Background
Surgical‐site infection (SSI) is associated with significant healthcare costs. To reduce the high rate of SSI among patients undergoing colorectal surgery at a cancer centre, a ...comprehensive care bundle was implemented and its efficacy tested.
Methods
A pragmatic study involving three phases (baseline, implementation and sustainability) was conducted on patients treated consecutively between 2013 and 2016. The intervention included 13 components related to: bowel preparation; oral and intravenous antibiotic selection and administration; skin preparation, disinfection and hygiene; maintenance of normothermia during surgery; and use of clean instruments for closure. SSI risk was evaluated by means of a preoperative calculator, and effectiveness was assessed using interrupted time‐series regression.
Results
In a population with a mean BMI of 30 kg/m2, diabetes mellitus in 17·5 per cent, and smoking history in 49·3 per cent, SSI rates declined from 11·0 to 4·1 per cent following implementation of the intervention bundle (P = 0·001). The greatest reductions in SSI rates occurred in patients at intermediate or high risk of SSI: from 10·3 to 4·7 per cent (P = 0·006) and from 19 to 2 per cent (P < 0·001) respectively. Wound care modifications were very different in the implementation phase (43·2 versus 24·9 per cent baseline), including use of an overlying surface vacuum dressing (17·2 from 1·4 per cent baseline) or leaving wounds partially open (13·2 from 6·7 per cent baseline). As a result, the biggest difference was in wound‐related rather than organ‐space SSI. The median length of hospital stay decreased from 7 (i.q.r. 5–10) to 6 (5–9) days (P = 0·002). The greatest reduction in hospital stay was seen in patients at high risk of SSI: from 8 to 6 days (P < 0·001). SSI rates remained low (4·5 per cent) in the sustainability phase.
Conclusion
Meaningful reductions in SSI can be achieved by implementing a multidisciplinary care bundle at a hospital‐wide level.
Protocol‐driven programme works
The incorporation of CeO2 and Dy2O3 to ZnO leads to a marked increase in the electrical conductivity. The absolute values of the Seebeck coefficients of Zn1−xCexO and Zn1−xDyxO increase with CeO2 and ...Dy2O3 contents up to x = 0.003 and 0.005, respectively, and then decrease with further increases of their concentrations. The highest power factor (4.46 × 10−4 Wm−1 K−2 at 800 °C) is attained for Zn0.995Dy0.005O. The power factor is approximately 56 times larger than that of ZnO (0.08 × 10−4 Wm−1 K−2 at 800 °C). The introduction of a small amount of Dy2O3 is highly effective for improving the thermoelectric properties of ZnO.
•The introduction of CeO2 and Dy2O3 to ZnO increases the electrical conductivity.•Maximal power factor (4.46 × 10−4 Wm-1 K−2 at 800 °C) is attained for Zn0.995Dy0.005O.•Addition of Dy2O3 is effective for improving the thermoelectric properties of ZnO.
At the conclusion of the Paris conference, this paper provides a review of the history of international negotiations on global warming for the past three decades with an emphasis on details of Paris ...agreements. Founding documents of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are reviewed. Major outcomes as well as conflicts on the stringency of global mitigation efforts observed from the series of Conferences of the Parties (COP) since 1992 are explained: Rio Earth Summit, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord, Cancun Agreement, Durban Platform, and Paris Agreement. The development of the financial instrument called the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the tensions among the parties on the fund are reviewed. The paper describes the current states of the global negotiations on various fronts at the aftermath of the Paris COP. The paper concludes by putting forth future directions of the negotiations and the ideal policies that can be agreed upon at the international level, which focus on adaptation, technologies, incentives, and exchanges.
Resumen
Tras la conclusión de la conferencia de París, este artículo revisa la historia de las negociaciones internacionales sobre el calentamiento global durante las tres últimas décadas, poniendo énfasis en los detalles de los acuerdos de París. Se revisan los documentos constituyentes del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) y de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Se explican los principales resultados, así como los conflictos sobre la rigurosidad de los esfuerzos mundiales de mitigación observados durante la serie de Conferencias de las Partes (CP) desde 1992: la Cumbre para la Tierra de Río, el Protocolo de Kyoto, el Acuerdo de Copenhague, el Acuerdo de Cancún, la Plataforma de Durban y el Acuerdo de París. Se revisan el desarrollo del instrumento financiero llamado Fondo Verde para el Clima (FVC) y las tensiones entre las partes sobre este fondo. El artículo describe los estados actuales de las negociaciones globales en varios frentes al término de la CP de París. El documento concluye con la propuesta de directrices futuras para las negociaciones y las políticas ideales que podrían acordarse a nivel internacional, centradas en la adaptación, las tecnologías, los incentivos y los intercambios.
抄録:
本稿では、パリ気候変動会議の閉会にあたり、パリ協定の詳細に触れてそれを強調しながら、過去30年における地球温暖化に関する国際協議の歴史を振り返る。 気候変動に関する政府間パネル(IPCC:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)と気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約(UNFCCC:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change )の設立文書をレビューする。条約が締結された1992年以来、続けて開催されている気候変動枠組条約締約国会議(COP:Conferences of the Parties)、すなわち、リオ地球サミット、京都議定書、 コペンハーゲン合意、カンクン合意、ダーバン・プラットフォーム、パリ協定、以上で報告された主な成果および温暖化対策の切迫性をめぐる衝突を解説する。緑の気候基金(GCF:Green Climate Fund)という財政的な方策の発展と、その基金の利害関係にある団体組織間の緊張状態をレビューする。本稿では、パリで行われたCOPの影響下にあるいくつかの課題に関する国際協議の現状について述べる。最後に、協議が今後取るべき方向と国際間の合意が得られうる理想的な政策を提言する。それは、適応、テクノロジー、インセンティブ、交換に中心としたものである。
In this paper, for the first time we demonstrate that horizontally stacked gate-all-around (GAA) Nanosheet structure is a good candidate for the replacement of FinFET at the 5nm technology node and ...beyond. It offers increased W eff per active footprint and better performance compared to FinFET, and with a less complex patterning strategy, leveraging EUV lithography. Good electrostatics are reported at L g =12nm and aggressive 44/48nm CPP (Contacted Poly Pitch) ground rules. We demonstrate work function metal (WFM) replacement and multiple threshold voltages, compatible with aggressive sheet to sheet spacing for wide stacked sheets. Stiction of sheets in long-channel devices is eliminated. Dielectric isolation is shown on standard bulk substrate for sub-sheet leakage control. Wrap-around contact (WAC) is evaluated for extrinsic resistance reduction.
This paper explores how South American farmers adapt to climate by changing crops. We develop a multinomial logit model of farmer's choice of crops. Estimating the model across 949 farmers in seven ...countries, we find that both temperature and precipitation affect the crops that South American farmers choose. Farmers choose fruits and vegetables in warmer locations and wheat and potatoes in cooler locations. Farms in wetter locations are more likely to grow rice, fruits, potatoes, and squash and in dryer locations maize and wheat. Global warming will cause South American farmers to switch away from maize, wheat, and potatoes towards squash, fruits and vegetables. Predictions of the impact of climate change on net revenue must reflect not only changes in yields per crop but also crop switching.
Summary Objective We previously identified PAPSS2 as a transcriptional target of TGF-β in chondrocytes. PAPSS2 is required for proper sulfation of proteoglycans in cartilage. Defective sulfation in ...the matrix results in alterations in mechanical properties of the cartilage that would be expected to result in degeneration. The objective of this study was to identify factors that regulate PAPSS2 expression and compare to a known TGF-β responsive gene, PRG4 . In this study, TGF-β-mediated regulation of SOX9 was characterized, and the involvement of SOX9 in regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA was investigated. Design Primary bovine articular chondrocytes grown in micromass culture and ATDC5 cells were used as the model system. Adenoviruses were used to express SOX9 and SMAD3. siRNA was used to knock-down Sox9 and Smad3 . Western blot and real-time quantitative RT-PCR were used to measure changes in protein and mRNA levels in response to treatment. Results Over-expression of SOX9 was sufficient to up-regulate PAPSS2 mRNA. TGF-β treatment of SOX9-expressing cells resulted in enhanced up-regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA, suggesting that SOX9 cooperates with TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, Sox9 was required for full TGF-β-mediated induction of Papss2 . In contrast, PRG4 was regulated by SMAD3 but not SOX9. SOX9 protein levels were increased after treatment with TGF-β, although SOX9 mRNA was not. SOX9 protein was post-translationally stabilized after treatment with TGF-β. Conclusions TGF-β stabilizes SOX9 protein, and SOX9 is sufficient and necessary for TGF-β-mediated regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA, providing a novel mechanism for TGF-β-mediated gene regulation in chondrocytes.
A
bstract
The Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO) experiment has been taking data using two identical liquid scintillator detectors since August 2011. The experiment has observed the ...disappearance of reactor neutrinos in their interactions with free protons, followed by neutron capture on hydrogen (n-H). Based on 1500 live days of data taken with 16.8 GW
th
reactors at the Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, the near (far) detector observes 567690 (90747) electron antineutrino candidate events with the n-H data. This provides an independent measurement of neutrino mixing angle
θ
13
and a consistency check on the validity of the result obtained from the data with neutron capture on Gadolinium (n-Gd). Furthermore, it provides an important cross-check on the systematic uncertainties of the n-Gd measurement. Based on a rate-only analysis, we obtain sin
2
2
θ
13
= 0
.
086 ± 0
.
008(stat
.
) ± 0
.
014(syst
.
). The combination of this result with that of n-Gd is also reported.
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