Moisturizers: The slippery road Sethi, Anisha; Kaur, Tejinder; Malhotra, S ...
Indian journal of dermatology,
05/2016, Volume:
61, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Moisturizers are an important part of a dermatologist's armamentarium although little is written and well, a less is truly known about them. There is a cornucopia of projected skin products in the ...market whose real scientific role is not proven. These products although at times are regarded as mere cosmetics but have a well-known role in many skin disorders. Adequate knowledge about their mechanism of action, dosage, usage, and adverse effects is must for a dermatologist in this era. This article aims to bring forth the ever hidden facts of the much-hyped moisturizers. It is probably the first of its kind covering all aspects of moisturizers ranging from basic science to clinical usage, a subject that receives a short shrift in the current dermatological text.
•Crop establishment method and N management practices had significant effects on GHG emissions from soil.•Aerobic rice emitted 73–75% less CH4 as compared to continuously flooded rice.•Emissions of ...N2ON and CO2 were significantly higher in aerobic rice than continuously flooded rice.•Application of neem coated urea on the basis of customized leaf colour chart recommendation reduced GHGI by enhancing yield.
The comprehensive impacts of different nitrogen management and crop establishment on greenhouse (GHG) fluxes are not well documented. GHG emissions from rice paddies under different nitrogen management and crop establishment merit attention because nitrogen fertilizer is indiscriminately used for the intensification of rice cultivation. Field trials were conducted to assess methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, labile C pools, microbial population and enzymatic activities in rice soil under different crop establishment and nitrogen (N) management practices. The crop establishment methods included aerobic rice (AR) that involved dry direct seeding under non puddled and non-flooded situation and puddled transplanted rice (PTR) under flooded condition. Nitrogen management practices were control, 100kgNha−1 as prilled urea (PU) and applied conventionally, 100kgNha−1 as neem coated urea (NCU), applied conventionally, 100kgNha−1 as PU, applied on the basis of customized leaf colour chart (CLCC) recommendation, 100kgNha−1 as NCU, applied on the basis of CLCC recommendation, 100kgNha−1 as PU and farm yard manure (FYM) in 1:1 ratio, applied conventionally. Cumulative seasonal CH4 emission was 73–75% less in AR as compared to PTR. But seasonal N2O and CO2 emissions from soils were significantly higher in AR. Global warming potential of AR was comparatively less than PTR but yield loss in AR caused greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of AR to be at par with that of PTR. Inclusion of FYM along with PU reduced N2O emission and maintained significantly higher (P≤0.05) microbial biomass carbon concentration, nitrifiers, Azotobacter and Azospirillum population and dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and urease activities in soils of AR and PTR. Real time N application according to leaf colour chart and use of slow release N fertilizers can reduce N2O emission, minimize yield loss and lower GHGI of AR.
Aim
India contributes towards a large part of the worldwide epidemic of diabetes and its associated complications. However, there are limited longitudinal studies available in India to understand the ...occurrence of diabetes complications over time. This pan‐India longitudinal study was initiated to assess the real‐world outcomes of diabetes across the country.
Methods
The LANDMARC study is the first prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, observational study investigating a large cohort of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus across India over a period of 3 years. The primary objective of this ongoing study is to determine the proportion of people developing macrovascular diabetes complications over the duration of the study (36 months ± 45 days) distributed over seven visits; the secondary objective is to evaluate microvascular diabetes complications, glycaemic control and time‐to‐treatment adaptation or intensification. Overall, 6300 participants (aged 25–60 years) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least 2 years will be included from 450 centres across India. Data will be recorded for baseline demographics, comorbidities, glycaemic measurements, use of anti‐hyperglycaemic medications and any cardiovascular or other diabetes‐related events occurring during the observational study period.
Conclusions
The LANDMARC study is expected to reveal the trends in complications associated with diabetes, treatment strategies used by physicians, and correlation among treatment, control and complications of diabetes within the Indian context. The findings of this study will help to identify the disease burden, emergence of early‐onset complications and dose titration patterns, and eventually develop person‐centred care and facilitate public health agencies to invest appropriate resources in the management of diabetes. (Trial Registration No: CTRI/2017/05/008452).
Background
The current available literature is not unanimous in reporting the utility of short-axis and long-axis techniques for radial artery cannulation in both adults and children. This study was ...designed to compare short-axis out-of-plane (SA-OOP) and long-axis in-plane (LA-IP) techniques in ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation in adults.
Methods
In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 150 adult patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III aged between 18 and 70 years were included. All patients were randomized into two groups (group SA-OOP) and (group LA-IP) of 75 each undergoing ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation. The primary outcome was successful cannulation in the first attempt. Secondary outcomes included antero-posterior arterial diameter, skin-to-artery distance, ultrasonic localization time, cannulation time, no of attempts to cannulate artery, cannula insertion failure, and vascular complications.
Results
First-attempt arterial cannulation was successful in 80 % of patients in the SA-OOP group as opposed to 82.6 % patients in the LA-IP group (
p
= 0.67). The time to cannulate the artery was similar between the two groups, but the time to localize artery was significantly higher in the long-axis technique (
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions
The first-attempt cannulation success rate and cannulation time in adult patients are similar in ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation with both short-axis as well as long-axis techniques.
Trial registration
Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2015/02/005552).
Depression is common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Patients with depression have an earlier onset and rapid progression of cognitive decline. Medial ...temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) is common in AD and MCI, and some degree of atrophy is found in almost all patients. In the present study, an attempt was made to know if MTA is more common in patients with AD/MCI with depression than those without it.
Patients reporting to the outpatient department of a neurology centre of a tertiary care hospital were recruited for the present study. After initial general physical and neurological examination, they were evaluated using National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Related Disorders Association criteria for diagnosis of AD. Clinical Dementia rating scale was used for the diagnosis of MCI. Cornell scale for depression in dementia (CSDD) was used.
We found 20 cases with depression as per CSDD out of a sample of 37 patients (male:female = 30:7). There were 26 patients with AD and 11 with MCI. The mean age of all patients was 72.33 ± 6.45 years. The mean mini mental status examination score was 19.00 ± 6.73. The mean time since diagnosis was 4.19 ± 3.26 years. The mean Scheltens visual rating scale score for right MTA was 2.08 ± 0.95 and was 2.05 ± 0.94 for the left. Both scores did not differ statistically when analyzed using paired t-test (p > 0.05). However, difference in those with depression (2.36 ± 0.95) from those without depression (1.60 ± 0.74) was significant (p < 0.05).
MTA scores were higher in those with AD/MCI with depression than those without it.
Background: There is little experience of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) desensitization in India based on the Luminex single-antigen bead (SAB) testing. We retrospectively analyzed our patients, who ...underwent HLA desensitization based on Luminex SAB results. Method: Between 2014 and 2018, patients with complement-dependent cytotoxicity cross-match (CDC-XM) negativity but flow cytometry crossmatch (FC-XM) positivity were further analyzed with Luminex SAB for donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). A total of 12 patients who had DSA mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of >1000 and <10,000 were included in the study. Our protocol for desensitization consisted of plasmapheresis (PP) followed by low dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IG) 100 mg/kg and induction with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Patients were taken for transplant when either MFI was <1000 and/or FC-XM was negative. Results: All 12 patients were first transplant and 10 had a history of some sensitizing event; pregnancy in 4, blood transfusions in 4, and both in 2 patients. FC-XM was positive for T-cell in 4, B-cell in 6, and both in 2 patients. On evaluation by Luminex SAB, 6 patients had MFI from 1000 to 2000, and 6 had MFI of >2000. All underwent desensitization successfully. Two patients had an increase in posttransplant DSA titers requiring posttransplant PP. The mean follow-up was 26.6 ± 13.9 months. On follow-up, only one patient developed acute T cell-mediated rejection 1 year after transplant, which responded to pulse steroids. There was no graft or patient loss until the last follow-up. Conclusion: This study shows that HLA desensitization is feasible and successful in the Indian setting if patients are properly selected.
We report deep Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) 610 MHz continuum imaging of four subfields of the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey. We stacked the radio emission in the GMRT images from a ...near-complete (absolute blue magnitude MB ≤ −21) sample of 3698 blue star-forming galaxies with redshifts 0.7 z 1.45 to detect (at 17 significance) the median rest-frame 1.4 GHz radio continuum emission of the sample galaxies. The stacked emission is unresolved, with a rest-frame 1.4 GHz luminosity of L1.4GHz = (4.13 0.24) × 1022 W Hz−1. We used the local relation between total star formation rate (SFR) and 1.4 GHz luminosity to infer a median total SFR of (24.4 1.4) M yr−1 for blue star-forming galaxies with MB ≤ −21 at 0.7 z 1.45. We detect the main-sequence relation between SFR and stellar mass, M , obtaining SFR = (13.4 1.8) × (M /1010 M )0.73 0.09 M yr−1; the power-law index shows no change over z 0.7-1.45. We find that the nebular line emission suffers less extinction than the stellar continuum, contrary to the situation in the local universe; the ratio of nebular extinction to stellar extinction increases with decreasing redshift. We obtain an upper limit of 0.87 Gyr to the atomic gas depletion time of a subsample of DEEP2 galaxies at z 1.3; neutral atomic gas thus appears to be a transient phase in high-z star-forming galaxies.
Quantitated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) H37Rv DNA was used to analyse the sensitivity and the specificity was assessed using DNA isolated from the reference strain H37Rv, 12 nontuberculous ...mycobacterium (NTM) species and five nonmycobacterium species. Furthermore, performance of the assay was evaluated on the sputum samples and compared with smear microscopy, culture and PCR. mpt64 (also called mpb64 or Rv1980c) loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) successfully detected 1 pg DNA within 40 min and successfully rejected NTMs and other bacterial species tested. It specifically detected all the 119 confirmed TB cases and 100 of the 104 control cases. The resulting sensitivity and specificity of LAMP assay was found to be 100% (95% CI: 96·79–100%) and 96·15% (95% CI; 90·44–98·94%) respectively.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a technique for isothermal DNA amplification suitable for cost‐limited settings as it prevents the use of sophisticated instruments. Using mpt64 antigenic protein gene, we developed a LAMP assay especially for organisms of the M. tuberculosis complex. mpt64 LAMP assay showed 100% sensitivity and detected all the bacteriologically and clinically positive TB cases not detected by smear, culture or PCR methods.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a technique for isothermal DNA amplification suitable for cost‐limited settings as it prevents the use of sophisticated instruments. Using mpt64 antigenic protein gene, we developed a LAMP assay especially for organisms of the M. tuberculosis complex. mpt64 LAMP assay showed 100% sensitivity and detected all the bacteriologically and clinically positive TB cases not detected by smear, culture or PCR methods.
PDF
