A detailed study of the effect of aprotic polar solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide on methylene blue (MB) was carried out through a combination of UV–vis absorption and steady-state fluorescence ...spectroscopy techniques at 293.15 K. In aqueous solutions MB tends to exhibit strong tendency to aggregate. The dimerization behavior of MB in water was analyzed in terms of monomer-dimer equilibrium. The addition of dimethylsulfoxide prevents dimerization of dye molecules. From absorption spectra the dimerization constants and changes of standard Gibbs energy were calculated. From the steady-state fluorescence spectra the quantum yields and Stokes shifts were determined. To explain the effect of dimethylsulfoxide properly the other polar aprotic solvents such as N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile and acetone were used. It is suggested that water structural effect is the major factor in aggregation phenomenon. Moreover the quantum yield increases drastically in dimethylsulfoxide compared with water assuming that MB may be characterized as viscosity probe.
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•The effect of DMSO on dimerization of MB in aqueous solutions was studied.•DMSO suppresses the dimerization process of MB.•Fluorescence intensity increases with addition of DMSO.•The physicochemical parameters of dimerization process were determined.
We present a search at the Jefferson Laboratory for new forces mediated by sub-GeV vector bosons with weak coupling α' to electrons. Such a particle A' can be produced in electron-nucleus ...fixed-target scattering and then decay to an e + e- pair, producing a narrow resonance in the QED trident spectrum. Using APEX test run data, we searched in the mass range 175-250 MeV, found no evidence for an A'→ e+ e- reaction, and set an upper limit of α'/α ~/= 10(-6). Our findings demonstrate that fixed-target searches can explore a new, wide, and important range of masses and couplings for sub-GeV forces.
The internal structure of nucleons (protons and neutrons) remains one of the greatest outstanding problems in modern nuclear physics. By scattering high-energy electrons off a proton we are able to ...resolve its fundamental constituents and probe their momenta and positions. Here we investigate the dynamics of quarks and gluons inside nucleons using deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS)-a highly virtual photon scatters off the proton, which subsequently radiates a photon. DVCS interferes with the Bethe-Heitler (BH) process, where the photon is emitted by the electron rather than the proton. We report herein the full determination of the BH-DVCS interference by exploiting the distinct energy dependences of the DVCS and BH amplitudes. In the regime where the scattering is expected to occur off a single quark, measurements show an intriguing sensitivity to gluons, the carriers of the strong interaction.
To reveal the effect of DNA- or RNA-specific low-molecular compounds on cellular processes on the molecular level, we have carried out the studies with the application of spectroscopic methods. It is ...necessary for the understanding of structural-functional properties of nucleic acids in cell. In this work the interaction of DNA-specific thiazine dye methylene blue (MB) with synthetic polynucleotides poly(rA) and poly(rU) was studied. The interaction of MB with synthetic polyribonucleotides poly(rA) and poly(rU) was examined in the solution with high ionic strength in a wide phosphate-to-dye (P/D) range, using the absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, as well as the fluorescence 2D spectra and 3D spectra analyses were given. Values of the fluorescence quenching constants for the complexes of MB with poly(rA) and poly(rU) were calculated (K
SV
is the Stern-Volmer quenching constant). Two different modes of MB binding to single-stranded (ss-) poly(rA) and poly(rU) and to their hybrid double-stranded (ds-) structure - poly(rA)-poly(rU) were identified. This ligand binds to ss-poly(rA) and poly(rA)-poly(rU) by semi-intercalation and electrostatic modes, but to ss-poly(rU) the prevailing mode is the electrostatic interaction.
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Probing Cold Dense Nuclear Matter Subedi, R; Shneor, R; Monaghan, P ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
06/2008, Volume:
320, Issue:
5882
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The protons and neutrons in a nucleus can form strongly correlated nucleon pairs. Scattering experiments, in which a proton is knocked out of the nucleus with high-momentum transfer and high missing ...momentum, show that in carbon-12 the neutron-proton pairs are nearly 20 times as prevalent as proton-proton pairs and, by inference, neutron-neutron pairs. This difference between the types of pairs is due to the nature of the strong force and has implications for understanding cold dense nuclear systems such as neutron stars.
In this Letter, the purity of quantum states is applied to probe chaotic dissipative dynamics. To achieve this goal, a comparative analysis of regular and chaotic regimes of nonlinear dissipative ...oscillator (NDO) are performed on the base of excitation number and the purity of oscillatory states. While the chaotic regime is identified in our semiclassical approach by means of strange attractors in Poincaré section and with the Lyapunov exponent, the state in the quantum regime is treated via the Wigner function. Specifically, interesting quantum purity effects that accompany the chaotic dynamics are elucidated in this Letter for NDO system driven by either: (i) a time-modulated field, or (ii) a sequence of pulses with Gaussian time-dependent envelopes.
•Quantum purity is proposed for testing of chaotic dynamics.•Details are done for pulsed nonlinear dissipative oscillator.•Results are displayed on Lyapunov exponents, Poincaré sections and Wigner functions.•Purity increases if the quantum system moves to chaos.
High precision measurements of the differential cross sections for π0 photoproduction at forward angles for two nuclei, 12C and 208Pb, have been performed for incident photon energies of 4.9-5.5 GeV ...to extract the π0→γγ decay width. The experiment was done at Jefferson Lab using the Hall B photon tagger and a high-resolution multichannel calorimeter. The π0→γγ decay width was extracted by fitting the measured cross sections using recently updated theoretical models for the process. The resulting value for the decay width is Γ(π0→γγ)=7.82±0.14(stat)±0.17(syst) eV. With the 2.8% total uncertainty, this result is a factor of 2.5 more precise than the current Particle Data Group average of this fundamental quantity, and it is consistent with current theoretical predictions.
For the first time in Armenia, gamma activation analysis of geological samples of obsidian was carried out using beams of bremsstrahlung photons at the linear electron accelerator of the ...A. Alikhanyan National Scientific Laboratory (AANL). It is shown that the results of the chemical composition of the obsidian sample are comparable with the results of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of the same sample, carried out at the Curt-Engelhom-Center for Archaeometry (Mannheim, Germany), after irradiation with neutrons in a specialized nuclear reactor TRIGA at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry of the Mainz University. It is also shown that gamma activation analysis makes it possible to determine the content of a number of elements for which the use of INAA is impossible or difficult.
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