The mechanical behaviour of ice is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by various factors, such as temperature, loading conditions, and structural geometry. To accurately predict the response of ...ice structures and estimate ice loads, appropriate models are required. In this article, we have reviewed several widely known material models for ice, including elastic, viscoelastic, plastic, damage, and fracture models. Elastic models are simple and easy to use, but they do not account for the time-dependent behaviour of ice. Viscoelastic models, on the other hand, can predict the evolution of damage and failure in ice structures but can be computationally ex-pensive. Plastic models can simulate the ductile behaviour of ice under high stress but do not account for damage and fracture. Damage models can simulate the evolution of damage and failure in ice structures but can also be computationally expensive. Fracture models can simulate the brittle behaviour of ice and predict crack propagation but require accurate input data. In practice, a combination of models is often used to account for different aspects of ice behaviour. With the advances in computer technology and simulation techniques, it is be-coming increasingly possible to simulate more complex ice structures and loading conditions. This could lead to the development of more accurate and efficient ice models that can be used for a wider range of applications, such as predicting the behaviour of ice structures in response to climate change. The effects of climate change on the behaviour of ice and the resulting impact on infrastructure are a growing concern. Therefore, the development of more accurate and efficient ice models is critical for the sustainable development of these regions.
The Arctic, a region of ecological and climatic significance, is undergoing unprecedented ice changes due to climate change. This transformation, marked by rapid reductions in sea ice extent, ...thickness, and the persistence of multi-year ice, has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, biodiversity, and global climate patterns. This article examines the historical perspective of the Arctic's ice dynamics, revealing a oncestable environment now in the throes of rapid change. The current state of Arctic ice is analyzed, emphasizing alarming reductions observed through satellite imagery and the implications for rising sea levels and disrupted ecosystems. Rooted in the causes of Arctic ice changes, primarily driven by the greenhouse gas effect, the article underscores the urgent need for global mitigation efforts. Scientific research and models provide critical insights, enhancing our understanding of the complex interactions driving these changes. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are discussed as essential components of a holistic approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of the Arctic's fate with global efforts to address climate change. The exploration of Arctic ice changes serves as a call to action for international collaboration, sustainable practices, and a shared commitment to preserving the delicate balance of our planet's climate.
Arctic engineering projects pose unique challenges due to severe cold conditions and the presence of ice. Among the critical factors affecting offshore constructions in these regions, ice loads stand ...out as a primary concern. Accurate estimation of ice loads is essential to ensure safe and cost-effective operation of marine structures in icy environments. One specific ice formation that significantly influences the total design load on marine structures is the ice collar. Ice collars are thicker thermodeveloped ice formations that occur around marine structures with high thermal conductivity when level ice stops moving. The presence of ice collars can considerably alter the total load on the structure, demanding careful consideration during the design process. Various methods to manage ice collars’ impact on marine structures exist, including mechanical removal, specialized cover layers, heating systems, and design adaptations. Numerical modeling proves valuable in predicting ice collar growth and its influence on load distribution. Implementing appropriate mitigation strategies ensures the continuous operability and structural integrity of marine installations in ice-prone regions.
Freezing into ice is a complex phenomenon that presents challenges and risks in both individual and construction contexts. Work provides a concise overview of the key aspects surrounding freezing in ...ice. It highlights the dangers. For construction, the risks lie in compromised structural integrity, limited stability, and access difficulties. Calculating freezing in ice involves considering temperature, material properties, freezing time, ice formation, and expert consultation. Different types of freezing into ice are identified, and the freezing process is shown to be influenced by the type of ice, such as freshwater ice or sea ice. Dealing with freezing in ice requires strategic approaches, including following established procedures, utilizing proper equipment, seeking professional assistance, and adapting to changing conditions. Engineering construction aspects encompass planning, design, ground preparation, foundation design, construction techniques, material selection and monitoring. Understanding and managing freezing in ice is crucial for ensuring safety and successful construction projects in icy environments.
Mitigating ice adhesion on offshore and port structures is crucial for ensuring their safety and operational efficiency in cold climates. Ice adhesion, the molecular attraction between ice and a ...surface, can lead to increased structural loads, reduced stability, and restricted functionality. This work provides an overview of the different concepts, including the nature of ice adhesion, its consequences on structures, and effective strategies to minimize it. The strategies include surface coatings, surface roughness modifications, heating systems, de-icing and anti-icing systems, structural design considerations, and regular maintenance. These approaches aim to reduce ice adhesion, facilitate ice shedding, and enhance the resilience of offshore and port structures. By implementing these strategies, the integrity and performance of these critical infrastructures can be maintained, ensuring safe operations and supporting transportation and energy production in cold regions.
The article provides an overview of the historical and contemporary developments in estimating ice loads on marine structures. It first underscores the significance of accurate ice load calculations ...for the safety and reliability of structures, and subsequently traces the evolution of ice load estimation techniques from past standards to current international standards and guidelines. The article then delves into the limitations of traditional methods for ice load estimation, which rely heavily on empirical data, before discussing the innovative and more precise discrete element method (DEM) for ice load estimation. The article outlines the benefits of using DEM over traditional methods and explores the diverse software options available for modelling ice loads on marine structures, including commercial and open-source alternatives. The article emphasizes the importance of staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in technology and techniques for ice load estimation, highlighting the crucial role that precise and reliable ice load estimation plays in ensuring the safety and dependability of marine structures in extreme environments. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive summary of the evolution of ice load estimation techniques for marine structures, from past norms to the contemporary use of DEM and advanced software packages. It underlines the necessity of continuous research to ensure that marine structures are constructed with the highest safety levels.
The Arctic Sea Route, also known as the Northern Sea Route, is experiencing profound changes due to the effects of climate change. This transformation is opening up new economic opportunities and ...geopolitical challenges, all while raising significant environmental concerns. The diminishing sea ice, thinning ice cover, and the development of new routes have reduced shipping distances, making this once largely impassable region increasingly accessible for global commerce. Economic implications include reduced shipping distances, expanded trade opportunities, and the potential for resource extraction, particularly for oil, gas, minerals, and fisheries. Geopolitically, the region is witnessing a complex interplay of cooperation and competition among Arctic states, with implications for international relations and territorial claims. Environmental risks, such as oil spills and habitat disruption, are significant, while infrastructure development and technological advancements are reshaping the logistics of Arctic navigation. The Arctic Sea Route's future hinges on how the international community addresses these multifaceted impacts, striking a balance between economic interests, environmental preservation, and peaceful cooperation in the face of shifting global dynamics and the urgent need to combat climate change.
Artificial ice island Sharapov, Dmitry; Andreeva, Sofia
E3S web of conferences,
01/2023, Volume:
431
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The development of the regions of the Far North is currently the most important task for the extraction of the mineral resources. However, when conducting offshore drilling in the Arctic seas, the ...selection of appropriate hydraulic structures is crucial. Factors such as severe natural and climatic conditions, remoteness from developed areas, and the presence of permafrost soils necessitate specific considerations. This paper examines the limitations and advantages of different offshore hydraulic structures for exploration and development drilling in the Arctic. It is concluded that artificial island structures, particularly ice islands, offer the most effective solution for year-round prospecting and exploratory drilling in shallow Arctic shelf zones. Ice islands provide increased resistance to ice loads, lower costs, and minimal environmental impact. However, their usage is restricted to the winter period, as they melt or collapse during the summer. Additionally, ice islands cannot be converted into production platforms if a commercial deposit is discovered. Understanding these limitations and advantages is crucial for successful offshore drilling operations in the challenging Arctic environment.
Ice reinforcement Sharapov, Dmitry; Andreeva, Sofia
E3S web of conferences,
01/2023, Volume:
431
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Ice reinforcement plays a vital role in enhancing the strength, stability, and load-bearing capacity of ice surfaces in various environments. This scientific exploration delves into different facets ...of ice reinforcement, encompassing the main methodologies employed, the consequential increase in strength, the drawbacks associated with reinforced ice, the cost implications, and the process of removing reinforcement when the ice melts. By analyzing these aspects, we aim to develop a comprehensive understanding of ice reinforcement methods, their efficacy, limitations, and the multifaceted considerations entailed.
