Background Low-income, urban African-American youth are at higher risk for obesity and less likely to meet dietary recommendations than white, higher-income youth. Patterns of food purchasing among ...youth likely contribute to these disparities, but little published information is available. Purpose To investigate food purchasing behaviors of low-income, urban African-American youth. Methods A total of 242 African-American youth, aged 10–14 years, were recruited from 14 recreation centers in low-income, predominantly African-American neighborhoods in Baltimore MD. Youth reported the amount of money typically spent on food, the source of this money, the place of purchase, and frequency of purchase for 29 foods and beverages. Data were collected in 2008–2009 and analyzed in 2009–2010. Results Youth reported spending an average of $3.96 on foods and beverages in a typical day. Corner stores were the most frequently visited food source (youth made purchases at these stores an average of 2.0 times per week). Chips, candy, and soda were the most commonly purchased items, with youth purchasing these an average of 2.5, 1.8, and 1.4 times per week, respectively. Older age was associated with more money spent on food in a typical day ( p <0.01). Conclusions Food purchasing among low-income, urban African-American youth is frequent and substantial. Interventions aimed at preventing and treating obesity in this population should focus on increasing access to healthy foods in their neighborhoods, especially in corner stores.
Objective. To determine the optimal duration of progesterone supplementation prior to transfer of cryopreserved embryos and its impact on implantation and pregnancy rates. Study Design. Prospective ...randomised study. Materials and Methods. In an IVF unit of a tertiary centre, sixty-six patients undergoing cryopreserved embryo transfer cycles were included. Endometrial preparation was done with estradiol valerate. Once it reached a minimum of 7 mm, patients were allocated randomly into group I ( n = 39 ) and group II ( n = 27 ). Injectable progesterone 100 mg daily was then started for 3 and 4 days, respectively. This was followed by transfer of at least one thawed cleavage stage day 2 embryo of good quality. Groups I and II were compared in terms of clinical pregnancy and implantation rates. Results. In group I (3-day progesterone) and group II (4-day progesterone) the pregnancy rates were 41.02% (16/39) and 18.51% (5/27), respectively. On the other hand, the implantation rates were 16.82% (18/107) and 7.69% (6/78), respectively. The difference was statistically significant ( p values 0.0172 and 0.0386, resp.). Conclusion. Progesterone supplementation for three days before the transfer of cleavage stage (day 2) cryopreserved embryos has significantly higher pregnancy and implantation rates, as compared to four-day supplementation.
Five simple, sensitive, accurate and rapid visible spectrophotometric methods (A, B, C, D and E) have been developed for estimating Amisulpride in pharmaceutical preparations. These are based on the ...diazotization of Amisulpride with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, followed by coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (Method A), diphenylamine (Method B), β-naphthol in an alkaline medium (Method C), resorcinol in an alkaline medium (Method D) and chromotropic acid in an alkaline medium (Method E) to form a colored chromogen. The absorption maxima, λmax, are at 523 nm for Method A, 382 and 490 nm for Method B, 527 nm for Method C, 521 nm for Method D and 486 nm for Method E. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2.5 – 12.5 μg mL−1 in Method A, 5 – 25 and 10 – 50 μg mL−1 in Method B, 4 – 20 μg mL−1 in Method C, 2.5 – 12.5 μg mL−1 in Method D and 5 – 15 μg mL−1 in Method E. The results obtained for the proposed methods are in good agreement with labeled amounts, when marketed pharmaceutical preparations were analyzed.
Although Japanese in Japan and the USA are high-risk populations for colorectal cancer, the prevalence of obesity, one of the established risk factors for this disease, is low in these populations ...compared with other high-risk populations. To understand this inconsistency, we compared plasma obesity-related biomarkers in crosssectional studies carried out in Tokyo, São Paulo, and Hawaii. We measured plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, IGFBP-3, C-peptide, adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 by immunoassay and total C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides using a clinical chemistry autoanalyzer. A total of 299 participants were included in the present analysis, comprising 142 Japanese in Tokyo, 79 Japanese Brazilians in São Paulo, and 78 Japanese Americans in Hawaii. We found significantly lower plasma levels of C-peptide and IGF-I in Japanese in Tokyo than in Japanese Americans, and lower levels of leptin and triglycerides and higher levels of adiponectin, IGFBP-3, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Japanese in Tokyo than in the other two populations. We also observed a significantly higher plasma IGFBP-1 level in Japanese Brazilians, and lower plasma levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein in Japanese Americans than in the other two populations. We observed significant differences in obesity-related biomarkers between the three Japanese populations. If our results are confirmed, the risk of colorectal cancer predicted on the basis of these biomarkers would be lowest for Japanese in Tokyo, followed by Japanese Brazilians and Japanese Americans.
To assess the validity of a 161-item quantitative FFQ (QFFQ) that was developed to evaluate dietary risk factors for a colorectal adenoma case–control study.
A cross-sectional validation study of the ...QFFQ against 4 d food diary using Pearson correlation coefficients, cross-classification, weighted k statistics and Bland–Altman plotting.
Two hospitals in Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil.
Ninety-seven healthy Japanese-Brazilian adults (40–75 years) were recruited. One participant was excluded from the analysis due to unusual energy intake report.
Mean daily nutrient intakes from the QFFQ were higher than from the food diary. The mean Pearson correlation coefficient for nutrient intakes between the QFFQ and the average of the 4 d food diary was 0?43, and increased to 0?45 after correcting correlations for attenuation due to residual day-to-day variation in the food diary measurements. Adjustment for total energy and further adjustment for age and gender decreased the correlation; however, 77% of observations remained in the same or adjacent quartiles with a mean weighted k of 0?22. Bland–Altman plots on loge-transformed data showed no linear trend between the differences and means for energy, fat, protein, total folate and vitamin C. Compared with the food diary, the QFFQ showed consistently reasonable performance for dietary fibre, total folate, retinol, riboflavin and vitamin C.
This investigation supports the relative validity of the QFFQ as a method for assessing long-term dietary intake. The instrument will be a useful tool in the analysis of diet–adenoma associations in the case–control study.
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Overview). The objectives are as follows:
To assess adverse events associated with medium‐ and long‐term use of opioids for CNCP.
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► Horn shaped carbon nanotubes have been synthesized using dechlorination pathway. ► Adsorption isotherm of CO2, CO, CH4 and N2 were obtained at different temperatures. ► High CO2 and ...CO adsorption capacity with better selectivity over N2 was achieved. ► It provides new adsorbent material for the separation and recovery of gases.
Using metallic copper as reductant and tetrachloroethylene as carbon precursor, a simple, low temperature solvothermal method for the synthesis of horn shaped carbon nanotubes is reported. The detail study of reaction parameters such as temperature, time, carbon precursor amount, type and catalyst proportion has been carried out to optimize the conditions wherein that the copper metal (10g) mediated reduction of tetrachloroethylene (25mL) at 200°C for 5h resulted in the horn shaped carbon nanotubes with high yield and structural selectivity. The adsorption properties of horn shaped carbon nanotubes were investigated for carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide and nitrogen as adsorbate by volumetric measurements up to 850mmHg. The prepared horn shaped carbon nanotubes showed good adsorption capacity for CO2 (45cm3/g) and CO (17cm3/g), at 303K and 850mmHg pressure, with high equilibrium selectivity (73.3 for CO2 and 110.7 for CO at 318K) and capacity selectivity (9.1 for CO2 and 3.1 for CO at 850mmHg and 318K) over nitrogen which provides the tool for the separation of CO2 from its mixture with nitrogen observed in flue gas of thermal power plants and boilers, as well as with CO such as syngas.
In this paper, the speed of sound, (U), and refractive index (nD) of four binary systems (morpholine+aromatic hydrocarbons) are measured along the whole composition range, at 303.15, 308.15 and ...313.15K and at normal pressure. Furthermore, the FT-IR measurements of these mixtures are carried out at 298.15K to study the complex formation between morpholine and aromatic hydrocarbons. From the experimental data, deviation in speed of sound, (ΔU), isentropic compressibility, (KS), excess isentropic compressibility, (KSE), acoustic impedance, (Z), deviation in acoustic impedance, (ΔZ), and deviation in refractive index (ΔnD) are calculated and satisfactorily fitted using the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. These values are reported as a function of mole fraction, (X1) or volume fraction (ϕ1) of morpholine. Moreover, theoretical speed of sound and average deviations is calculated using well established equations like Nomoto (NMT), Ideal Mixing Rule (IMR) and Jacobson's Free Length Theory (FLT). A comparative study of nine mixing rules of refractive index studies namely Arago-biot, Dale-Gladstone, Lorentz-Lorentz, Eykman, Weiner, Heller, Newton, Oster and Eyring-John has been reported to investigate their validity for these mixtures over the entire mole fraction of morpholine at three temperatures. Comparison of these nine mixing rules has been presented in terms of average deviation. The FT-IR results show that the maximum interactions are observed in morpholine+benzene binaries, and these results are supported by the speed of sound and refractive index data.
•Binary mixtures of morpholine with benzene, toluene, m-xylene and methylene are studied.•Ultrasonic and optical properties are carried out at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K.•Calculated results were fitted with the Redlich-Kister equation.•FT-IR spectral study was carried out to define the interaction between molecules.•From the results higher interaction is present in the benzene binaries.
We report a 53-year-old female who presented with complaints of sudden onset breathlessness, cough with expectoration for 6 months, and a right lung base lesion in the chest X-ray, which was ...diagnosed and treated as bronchopneumonia by the family physician. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest was done which revealed a large heterogeneously enhancing mass in the right thoracic cavity. She underwent thoracotomy and was found to have a giant encapsulated and well-circumscribed mass arising from the pleura. Excision biopsy of the mass revealed it to be an ancient schwannoma. Ancient schwannoma of the pleura is a very rare entity. Complete surgical resection is curative.
The synthesis of horn-shaped carbon nanotubes using carbon tetrachloride as carbon source was carried out by solvothermal method at 200°C for 2 h. The scanning and transmission electron microscopic ...characterization of the obtained product showed the formation of horn-shaped carbon nanotubes with irregular wall structure having inner diameter of ∼105 nm and length of ∼1 µm. The equilibrium gas adsorption properties of horn-shaped carbon nanotubes derived from carbon tetrachloride were successfully investigated for CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
at 288, 303, and 318 K. Horn-shaped carbon nanotubes possess better CO
2
adsorption capacity (2.53 mmol/g) with high capacity selectivity (14.7) and equilibrium selectivity (59.1) over N
2
at 288 K. The detailed adsorption study with estimation of physical parameters such as Henry's constant and heat of adsorption identifies the horn-shaped carbon nanotubes as a potential adsorbent material in the field of CO
2
storage and separation.
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