The synthesis of horn-shaped carbon nanotubes using carbon tetrachloride as carbon source was carried out by solvothermal method at 200°C for 2 h. The scanning and transmission electron microscopic ...characterization of the obtained product showed the formation of horn-shaped carbon nanotubes with irregular wall structure having inner diameter of ∼105 nm and length of ∼1 µm. The equilibrium gas adsorption properties of horn-shaped carbon nanotubes derived from carbon tetrachloride were successfully investigated for CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
at 288, 303, and 318 K. Horn-shaped carbon nanotubes possess better CO
2
adsorption capacity (2.53 mmol/g) with high capacity selectivity (14.7) and equilibrium selectivity (59.1) over N
2
at 288 K. The detailed adsorption study with estimation of physical parameters such as Henry's constant and heat of adsorption identifies the horn-shaped carbon nanotubes as a potential adsorbent material in the field of CO
2
storage and separation.
We report a 53-year-old female who presented with complaints of sudden onset breathlessness, cough with expectoration for 6 months, and a right lung base lesion in the chest X-ray, which was ...diagnosed and treated as bronchopneumonia by the family physician. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest was done which revealed a large heterogeneously enhancing mass in the right thoracic cavity. She underwent thoracotomy and was found to have a giant encapsulated and well-circumscribed mass arising from the pleura. Excision biopsy of the mass revealed it to be an ancient schwannoma. Ancient schwannoma of the pleura is a very rare entity. Complete surgical resection is curative.
Densities, viscosities, speed of sound were experimentally measured for binary mixtures of terpinolene with some halobenzenes such as fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene at 303.15, 308.15 and ...313.15K at atmospheric pressure. Various secondary properties such as molar volume (Vm), excess molar volume (VmE), partial molar volume V−m,io, excess partial molar volume V−m,io,E, apparent molar volume (Vm,Φ,i), deviation in viscosity (Δη), excess Gibbs' free energy of activation of viscous flow (∆G∗E), deviation in speed of sound (Δu), isentropic compressibility (κs), deviation in isentropic compressibility (∆κs), acoustical impedance (z), deviation in acoustical impedances (Δz), intermolecular free length (Lf), partial molar isentropic compression K−s,m,io, excess partial molar isentropic compression K−s,m,io,E and apparent molar isentropic compression (Ks,m,Φ,i) were calculated from the values of primary physical properties. Infinite dilution apparent molar volume (Vm,Φ,1o), infinite dilution apparent molar isentropic compression (Ks,m,Φ,1o), empirical parameters Sv, Bv and Sk, Bk of the Redlich-Rosenberg-Mayer equation with the limiting apparent molar expansibility (EΦo) were also calculated. Some theoretical viscosity of binary mixtures calculating relations like Bingham, Arrhenius, Kendall-Munroe, Grunberg-Nissan (G12), Dolezalek-Schulze (D12), Tamura-Kurata (T12), Katti-Chaudhari (Wvis/RT), and 3-body McAllister (M12, M21) and some theoretical speed of sound calculating relations such as Nomoto relation (unmt), Ideal mixture relation (uimr), Junji relation (ujunji) and Free length theory relation (uflt) were also calculated. FT-IR analysis of binary mixtures at 4:1, 1:1 and 1:4 composition ratios were carried out. The DFT (Density Function Theory) based computational calculations such as bond length, Mulliken charges, theoretical vibrational frequencies, solvation model and NBO calculations were also studied. All the results of excess/deviation properties were fitted with the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The results were discussed in term of types, strength and behavior of intermolecular interaction present between components of binary mixtures.
Display omitted
•Density, Viscosity and Speed of sound for three binary mixtures were studied at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K.•Excess/deviation properties of molar volume, viscosity and speed of sound etc. are calculated.•Various theoretical viscosity and speed of sound calculating relations are calculated.•Intermolecular interactions are estimated qualitatively from magnitude of excess properties and interaction parameters.•DFT study like optimization, single point energy, theoretical vibrational analysis and NBO analysis.
Abstract Information on dietary intakes of Jamaican immigrants in the United States is sparse. Understanding factors that influence diet is important since diet is associated with chronic diseases. ...This study examined the association between acculturation, socio-cultural factors, and dietary pattern among Jamaican immigrants in Florida. Jamaican persons 25–64 years who resided in two South Florida counties were recruited for participation. A health questionnaire that assessed acculturation, dietary pattern, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease was administered to participants. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to determine associations. Acculturation score was not significantly associated with dietary intake pattern (β = − 0.02 p = 0.07). Age at migration was positively associated with traditional dietary pattern (β = 0.02 p < 0.01). Persons with 12 or fewer years of education (β = − 0.55 p < 0.001), divorced (β = − 0.26 p = 0.001), or engaged in less physical activity (β = − 0.07 p = 0.01) were more likely to adhere to a traditional diet. Although acculturation was not a statistically significant predictor of dietary intake, findings show the role of demographic and lifestyle characteristics in understanding factors associated with dietary patterns among Jamaicans. Findings point to the need to measure traditional dietary intakes among Jamaicans and other immigrant groups. Accurate assessment of disease risk among immigrant groups will lead to more accurate diet-disease risk assessment and development of effective intervention programs.
Previous studies of Japanese migrants have suggested that the increase in colorectal cancer rates occurring after migration is slower among Japanese Brazilians than among Japanese Americans. We ...hypothesized that this difference may partly reflect differences in vegetable and fruit intake between the populations. Using data from validation studies of food frequency questionnaires being used in comparative case–control studies of colorectal adenoma in Tokyo, São Paulo, and Hawaii, plasma carotenoid, retinol, tocopherol, and coenzyme Q10 levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma levels were compared by analysis of covariance between 142 Japanese in Tokyo, 79 Japanese Brazilians in São Paulo, and 78 Japanese Americans in Hawaii. Overall, we found significantly lower plasma carotenoid levels, except for lycopene levels, and retinol levels in Japanese Americans compared with Japanese in Tokyo and Japanese Brazilians. The plasma total carotenoid level was highest in Japanese Brazilians. Compared with the mean level among Japanese Brazilians (1741.2 ng/ml), P for difference was 0.03 among Japanese in Tokyo (1514.4 ng/ml) and less than 0.01 for Japanese Americans (1257.7 ng/ml). Plasma lycopene and tocopherol levels did not substantially differ between the three populations. We also found significantly lower plasma levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and total coenzyme Q10 in Japanese in Tokyo than in Japanese Americans and Japanese Brazilians. Higher levels of plasma carotenoids among Japanese Brazilians than among Japanese in Tokyo and Hawaii may have contributed to the slower pace of the increase in colorectal cancer rates observed in that population after migration.
Trinidad and Tobago has experienced an epidemiological transition over recent decades characterised by reduced rates of communicable diseases but rapidly increasing rates of obesity and ...non-communicable chronic diseases. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in energy and nutrient supply that have taken place in Trinidad and Tobago between 1961 and 2007.
Food balance sheets for each year between 1961 and 2007 were downloaded from the FAOSTAT database and daily per capita supply for seventeen food commodity groupings was calculated. After appropriate coding, energy and nutrient supply were determined using dietary analysis software.
FAO food balance sheets for Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 2007.
None.
The food supply in 2007 provided an extra 1561 kJ (373 kcal)/capita per d than it did in 1961. Energy from carbohydrate as a percentage of total energy fell from 62% in 1961 to 57% in 2007, whereas energy from fat as a percentage of total energy increased from 26% to over 30% and now lies at the upper end of WHO recommendations. Sugars increased from 20% to over 26% of total energy and are well above WHO recommendations. When expressed on a nutrient density basis, supplies of vitamin A, folate and Ca are lower than WHO recommendations.
Nutritional imbalances in the Trinidadian food supply need to be addressed to combat the rise in nutrition-related chronic disease that is projected to cause increased disability and premature death in the country in the coming years.
Background
Chronic pain is common and can be challenging to manage. Despite increased utilisation of opioids, the safety and efficacy of long‐term use of these compounds for chronic non‐cancer pain ...(CNCP) remains controversial. This overview of Cochrane Reviews complements the overview entitled 'High‐dose opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain: an overview of Cochrane Reviews'.
Objectives
To provide an overview of the occurrence and nature of adverse events associated with any opioid agent (any dose, frequency, or route of administration) used on a medium‐ or long‐term basis for the treatment of CNCP in adults.
Methods
We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (the Cochrane Library) Issue 3, 2017 on 8 March 2017 to identify all Cochrane Reviews of studies of medium‐ or long‐term opioid use (2 weeks or more) for CNCP in adults aged 18 and over. We assessed the quality of the reviews using the AMSTAR criteria (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews) as adapted for Cochrane Overviews. We assessed the quality of the evidence for the outcomes using the GRADE framework.
Main results
We included a total of 16 reviews in our overview, of which 14 presented unique quantitative data. These 14 Cochrane Reviews investigated 14 different opioid agents that were administered for time periods of two weeks or longer. The longest study was 13 months in duration, with most in the 6‐ to 16‐week range. The quality of the included reviews was high using AMSTAR criteria, with 11 reviews meeting all 10 criteria, and 5 of the reviews meeting 9 out of 10, not scoring a point for either duplicate study selection and data extraction, or searching for articles irrespective of language and publication type. The quality of the evidence for the generic adverse event outcomes according to GRADE ranged from very low to moderate, with risk of bias and imprecision being identified for the following generic adverse event outcomes: any adverse event, any serious adverse event, and withdrawals due to adverse events. A GRADE assessment of the quality of the evidence for specific adverse events led to a downgrading to very low‐ to moderate‐quality evidence due to risk of bias, indirectness, and imprecision.
We calculated the equivalent milligrams of morphine per 24 hours for each opioid studied (buprenorphine, codeine, dextropropoxyphene, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, levorphanol, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tapentadol, tilidine, and tramadol). In the 14 Cochrane Reviews providing unique quantitative data, there were 61 studies with a total of 18,679 randomised participants; 12 of these studies had a cross‐over design with two to four arms and a total of 796 participants. Based on the 14 selected Cochrane Reviews, there was a significantly increased risk of experiencing any adverse event with opioids compared to placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22 to 1.66) as well as with opioids compared to a non‐opioid active pharmacological comparator, with a similar risk ratio (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.33). There was also a significantly increased risk of experiencing a serious adverse event with opioids compared to placebo (RR 2.75, 95% CI 2.06 to 3.67). Furthermore, we found significantly increased risk ratios with opioids compared to placebo for a number of specific adverse events: constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, hot flushes, increased sweating, nausea, pruritus, and vomiting.
There was no data on any of the following prespecified adverse events of interest in any of the included reviews in this overview of Cochrane Reviews: addiction, cognitive dysfunction, depressive symptoms or mood disturbances, hypogonadism or other endocrine dysfunction, respiratory depression, sexual dysfunction, and sleep apnoea or sleep‐disordered breathing. We found no data for adverse events analysed by sex or ethnicity.
Authors' conclusions
A number of adverse events, including serious adverse events, are associated with the medium‐ and long‐term use of opioids for CNCP. The absolute event rate for any adverse event with opioids in trials using a placebo as comparison was 78%, with an absolute event rate of 7.5% for any serious adverse event. Based on the adverse events identified, clinically relevant benefit would need to be clearly demonstrated before long‐term use could be considered in people with CNCP in clinical practice. A number of adverse events that we would have expected to occur with opioid use were not reported in the included Cochrane Reviews. Going forward, we recommend more rigorous identification and reporting of all adverse events in randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews on opioid therapy. The absence of data for many adverse events represents a serious limitation of the evidence on opioids. We also recommend extending study follow‐up, as a latency of onset may exist for some adverse events.
The prevalence of smoking in Aboriginal Canadians is higher than non-Aboriginal Canadians, a behavior that also tends to alter dietary patterns. Compared with the general Canadian population, ...maternal smoking rates are almost twice as high. The aim of this study was to compare dietary adequacy of Inuvialuit women of childbearing age comparing smokers versus non-smokers.
A cross-sectional study, where participants completed a culturally specific quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Non-parametric analysis was used to compare mean nutrient intake, dietary inadequacy and differences in nutrient density among smokers and non-smokers. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed for key nutrients inadequacy and smoking status. Data was collected from three communities in the Beaufort Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada from randomly selected Inuvialuit women of childbearing age (19-44 years).
Of 92 participants, 75% reported being smokers. There were no significant differences in age, BMI, marital status, education, number of people in household working and/or number of self employed, and physical activity between smokers and non-smokers. Non-parametric analysis showed no differences in nutrient intake between smokers and non-smokers. Logistic regression however revealed there was a positive association between smoking and inadequacies of vitamin C (OR = 2.91, 95% CI, 1.17-5.25), iron (OR = 3.16, 95% CI, 1.27-5.90), and zinc (OR = 2.78, 95% CI, 1.12-4.94). A high percentage of women (>60%), regardless of smoking status, did not meet the dietary recommendations for fiber, vitamin D, E and potassium.
This study provides evidence of inadequate dietary intake among Inuvialuit of childbearing age regardless of smoking behavior.
Densities and viscosities have been determined for binary mixtures of 1-iodobutane with benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and mesitylene at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K for the entire ...composition range at atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volumes, V.sup.E, deviations in viscosity, Δη, and excess Gibbs' free energy of activation flow, ΔG.sup.*E have been calculated from the experimental values. The experimental data were fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The variations of these parameters with composition of the mixtures and temperature have been discussed in terms of molecular interactions occurring in these mixtures. Further, the viscosities of these binary mixtures were calculated theoretically from their corresponding pure component data by using empirical relations like Bingham, Arrhenius and Eyring, Kendall and Munroe, Hind, Katti and Chaudhari, Grunberg and Nissan, and Tamura and Kurata. Comparison of various interaction parameters has been expressed to explain the intermolecular interactions between iodobutane and selected hydrocarbons.
PDF
