As an important part of non steroids anti-inflammation drug (NSAIDs), salicylate has developed from natural substance salicylic acid to natrium salicylicum, to aspirin. Now, methyl salicylate ...glycoside, a new derivative of salicylic acid, is modified with a -COOH group integrated one methyl radical into formic ether, and a -OH linked with a monosaccharide, a disaccharide or a trisaccharide unit by glycosidic linkage. It has the similar pharmacological activities, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and antithrombotic as the previous salicylates' without resulting in serious side effects, particularly the gastrointestinal toxicity. Owing to the superiority of those significant bioactivities, methyl salicylate glycosides have became a hot research area in NSAIDs for several years. This paper compiles all 9 naturally occurring methyl salicylate glycosides, their distribution of the resource and pharmacological mechanism, which could contribute to the new drug discovery.
Three phenylpropenoyl sucroses--sibiricose A5, A6 and 3',6-disinapoyl sucrose--were isolated from the 30% EtOH extract of Polygala tenuifolia, which displayed antidepressant-like action. HPLC ...analysis indicated that the three phenylpropenoyl sucroses could be absorbed into serum. From the serum pharmacochemistry point of view, these three phenylpropenoyl sucroses might prevent or relieve depression.
Chemical investigations of the 70% alcohol extract of
Oxytropis myriophylla
(Pall.) DC. (Leguminosae) have afforded the new natural product neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (
1
) and the known ...phloretin-4'-
O
-β-D-glucopyranoside (
2
), which was the first reported from the genus
Oxytropis
. This paper reports the isolation and full spectroscopic characterization of compounds
1
and
2
by NMR, UV, IR and MS data.
This review focus on the phytochemical progress and biological studies of plants from the genus
Balanophora
(Balanophoraceae) over the past few decades, in which most plants growth in tropical and ...subtropical regions of Asia and Oceania, and nearly 20 species ranged in southwest China. These dioeciously parasitic plants are normally growing on the roots of the evergreen broadleaf trees, especially in the family of Leguminosae, Ericaceae, Urticaceae, and Fagaceae. The plants are mainly used for clearing away heat and toxic, neutralizing the effect of alcoholic drinks, and as a tonic for the treatment of hemorrhoids, stomachache and hemoptysis. And it has been used widely throughtout local area by Chinese people.
Cinnamic acid derivative tannins, possessing a phenylacrylic acid derivative (e. g. caffeoyl, coumaroyl, feruloyl or cinnamoyl), which connected to the C(1) position of a glucosyl unit by
O
-glycosidic bond, are the characteristic components in genus
Balanophora
. In addition, several galloyl, caffeoyl and hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters of dihydrochalcone glucosides are found in
B
.
tobiracola
,
B
.
harlandii
, and
B
.
papuana
. Other compounds like phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids and sterols are also existed. And their biological activities, such as radical scavenging activities, HIV inhibiting effects, and hypoglycemic effects are highlighted in the review.
Diarylheptanoids, natural products with a 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species. They have ...become of interest in natural product research over the past twenty years because of their remarkable anticancer, anti-emetic, estrogenic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. This paper compiles all 307 naturally occurring diarylheptanoids from 46 plants as reported in 137 references with their distributions, physiological activities and 13C-NMR spectral data.
Oxidative damage is an important cause of aging. The antioxidant and anti-aging activities of Longan polysaccharides, especially purified Longan polysaccharides, have not been thoroughly ...investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging activities and mechanisms of crude polysaccharides and purified polysaccharides from Longan. A purified acidic Longan polysaccharide LP-A was separated from Longan crude polysaccharide LP. Subsequently, its structural characterization, anti-aging activity and mechanism were studied. The results showed that LP-A was an acidic heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 4.606 × 104 Da which was composed of nine monosaccharides. The scavenging rate of ABTS free radical in vitro reached 99 %. In the nematode life experiment, 0.3 mg/mL LP group and LP-A group could prolong the average lifespan of nematodes by 9.31 % and 25.80 %, respectively. Under oxidative stress stimulation, LP-A group could prolong the survival time of nematodes by 69.57 %. In terms of mechanism, Longan polysaccharide can regulate insulin / insulin-like growth factor (IIS) signaling pathway, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce lipid peroxidation, enhance the body's resistance to stress damage, and effectively prolong the lifespan of nematodes. In conclusion, LP-A has better anti-aging activity than crude polysaccharide LP, which has great potential for developing as an anti-aging drug.
Three new flavonoids, myriophylloside I, II and III, were isolated from Oxytropis myriophylla (Leguminosae), together with four known flavonoid glycosides: isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D: -glucoside, ...isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L: -arabinosyl(1→6)-β-D: -glucoside, quercetin and rutin. The structural elucidations of all the compounds were based on extensive spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS and 2D-NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC, 1H–1H COSY and HSQC-TOCSY), UV, IR and chemical evidence, together with comparison with reference values.
Toosendanin (TSN) is a crucial component from Toosendan Fructus with a promising anti-tumor capacity. It is also the primary suspect hepatotoxic component of Toosendan Fructus. However, the ...mechanisms underlying TSN-induced liver injury are still largely unknown. In present study, we evaluated the hepatotoxicity of TSN on zebrafish and explored the role of inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity. We found that TSN treatment decreased the area and fluorescence intensity of zebrafish liver in time- and dose-dependent manners at nonlethal concentrations. The ALT and AST activities were increased after TSN treatment. Severe cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear shrank were found in the liver of TSN-treated zebrafish. The expression profile of genes demonstrated that inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis pathways were involved in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity. Our study demonstrated for the first time that TSN treatment gave rise to liver injury in zebrafish, and inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis played a role in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity.
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•TSN treatment decreased the area and fluorescence intensity of zebrafish liver.•Cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear shrank occurred in TSN-treated zebrafish liver.•Inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis played a role in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Wuyiencin fractions with different polarities against six indicator microorganisms: Rhodotorula rubra, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus ...megaterium, Escherichia coli, Cladosporium fulvum and Staphylococcus aureus. The fermentation broth of Wuyiencin was submitted to AB-8 macroporous adsorptive resin and fractionated with solvents of different polarity. The fraction eluted with water had remarkably antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms investigated except for C. fulvum and S. aureus (MIC <or= 0.0625 mg/mL), probably due to the presence of active components. The fraction eluted with methanol showed potential antimicrobial activity against all the test microorganisms except for R.rubra, with MIC values of 0.5 and 2 mg/mL. In conclusion, fractions eluted with water and methanol, respectively, represent the main active-part of Wuyiencin, and could be emphasized for agricultural applications in the future.
The genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) comprises about 214 species throughout the world, mainly found in North Africa, Europe, and temperate Asia zone. They are traditionally used as food additives and folk ...medicines. This review comprehensively summarizes information about traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of this genus and provides recommendations for future investigations. All information was gathered from scientific databases including Google Scholar, Sci‐Finder, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and CNKI. Volatile oils are the most concerned constituents of this genus. Flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, organic acids, terpenoids, and phytosterols were also summarized. This genus plants possessed a variety of activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, cytotoxic, analgesic, and antidiabetic. In brief, this review will be helpful to provide valuable data for explorations and create more interests towards Thymus genus in the future.
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