This study aimed to use Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deep Learning (DL) techniques to predict female breast cancer detected by ultrasound based on clinical data and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data ...System (BI-RADS) Ultrasound (US) descriptors. We retrospectively gathered data on clinical information and BI-RADS US descriptors of breast lesions from 1051 female patients, forming a comprehensive dataset. Two datasets (A and B) were derived by selecting different variables. A BI-RADS DL-based Network (BD-Net) was developed and trained on Dataset A and B, and its performance was evaluated on an external test set. Radiologists also classified Dataset B and the external test set using BI-RADS US. Performance in predicting the probability of malignancy was evaluated by calculating the Area Under Curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. BD-Net achieved an accuracy of 92.5% (95%CI, 90.5–94.2) in predicting breast cancer with a sensitivity of 93.0% (95%CI, 90.3–95.4), a specificity of 92.1% (95%CI, 89.7–94.6), and an AUC of 0.97 (95%CI, 0.96–0.98) on the training data set of dataset A. On the external dataset, the BD-Net showed a sensitivity of 93.8% (95%CI, 87.5–98.8), a specificity of 91.0% (95%CI, 85.0–96.0), and an AUC of 0.92 (95%CI, 0.88–0.97) for predicting breast cancer. The radiologists predicted breast cancer on Dataset B and the external test set with AUC values between 0.75 (95%CI, 0.75–0.79) and 0.82 (95%CI, 0.77–0.87). These results indicate that the BD-Net is effective for predicting ultrasound-detected female breast cancer.
The proportion of steel produced using electric arc furnaces (EAFs) is increasing. In this study, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentrations and patterns in stack ...gas samples from three typical EAFs in steelmaking plants were determined to allow the contributions of EAFs in steelmaking plants to PCDD/Fs emissions in China to be assessed. Samples collection was accomplished by adopting the automatic isokinetic sampling technique, then the PCDD/Fs congeners concentrations were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). The mean PCDD/Fs mass concentrations in stack gases emitted during the scrap preheating phase of plants E1, E2, and E3 were 0.48, 385.55, and 0.34 ng Nm−3, respectively, and the total toxic equivalent (WHO2005-TEQ) concentrations were 0.05, 33.16, and 0.03 ng Nm−3, respectively. The PCDD/Fs mass concentration in stack gases emitted during the melting phase at plant E3 was 0.12 ng Nm−3 (0.02 ng WHO2005-TEQ Nm−3). The operational temperature of the bag filter of the preheating in the E2 EAF was as high as 230 °C, which is conducive to the generation of PCDD/Fs, whether the temperature in the bag filter of E1 (150 °C) and E3 (120 °C) are not. Moreover, the bag filter temperature is suggested to be best controlled to below 150 °C. The emission factors (EF) for PCDD/Fs released into the air during the scrap preheating phase for plants E1, E2, and E3 were 0.13, 52, and 0.10 μg WHO2005-TEQ t−1, respectively, and the EF for the smelting phase from plant E3 was 0.14 μg WHO2005-TEQ t−1. The emission factor in E2 is 5 times higher than the highest current UNEP toolkit factor for EAFs (10 μg TEQ/tonne steel). Therefore, an update for the UNEP toolkit emission factor for a few case plants is suggested. Several congeners, including 2,3,7,8-TeCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, were dominant during the preheating phase, while 2,3,7,8-TeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF were dominant during the smelting phase. The monitoring data from the case plants helps to better understand the PCDD/Fs emissions of EAFs using preheating process stages. However, a more complete emission inventory requires more case investigations on the PCDD/Fs emissions from representative EAFs steelmaking plants.
A rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium
Stenotrophomonas
sp. SMSP-1 was isolated from the sludge of a wastewater treating system of a pesticide manufacturer. Strain SMSP-1 could hydrolyze methyl ...parathion to
p
-nitrophenol (PNP) and dimethyl phosphorothioate but could not degrade PNP further. Strain SMSP-1 was able to hydrolyze other organophosphate pesticides, including fenitrothion, ethyl parathion, fenthion, and phoxim, but not chlorpyrifos. A 4395-bp DNA fragment, including an organophosphorus hydrolase encoding gene
ophc2
, was cloned from the chromosome of strain SMSP-1 using the shotgun technique. Its sequence analysis showed that
ophc2
was associated with a typical mobile element IS
Ppu12
consisting of
tnpA
(encoding a transposase),
lspA
(encoding a lipoprotein signal peptidase), and
orf1
(encoding a CDF family heavy metal/H
+
antiporter). The
ophc2
gene was effectively expressed in
E. coli
. This is the second report of cloning the
ophc2
gene and the first report of this gene from the genus of
Stenotrophomonas.
Wetting–drying cycles typically result in a wide range of soil moistures and redox potentials (Eh) that significantly affect the soil microbial community. Although numerous studies have addressed the ...effects of soil moisture on soil microbial community structure and composition, the response of active microbes to the fluctuation in soil Eh is still largely unknown; this is especially true for the ecological roles of abundant and rare taxa. To explore the dynamics of active and total microbial communities in response to wetting–drying cycles, we conducted a microcosm experiment based on three wetting–drying cycles and 16S rRNA transcript (active) and 16S rRNA gene (total) amplicon sequencing. We found that both active and total microbial communities during three wetting–drying cycles were clustered according to the number of wetting–drying cycles (temporal factor) rather than soil moisture or Eh. Dynamics of the active microbial community, however, were redox dependent during the first wetting–drying cycle. In addition, rare taxa in the active microbial community exhibited more obvious differences than abundant ones during three wetting–drying cycles. Species turnover of abundant and rare taxa of total and active microbes, rather than species richness, explained the highest percentage of community variation. Rare taxa exhibited the most marked temporal turnover during three wetting–drying cycles. Members of Rhodospirillaceae were the major contributor to the resilience of abundant taxa of active microbes during the first wetting–drying cycle. Overall, these findings expand our current understanding of underlying assembly mechanisms of soil microbial communities responding to wetting–drying cycles.
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•Active and total microbial communities clustered according to the number of wetting–drying cycles (WDC)•Dynamics of active microbial community were redox dependent during the first WDC•Abundant taxa had a higher contribution to the resilience of active microbial community than rare taxa during the first WDC
Delamination and Cracking Effects in Quad Flat Package Lan, Jia-Shen; Wu, Mei-Ling
2019 18th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm)
Conference Proceeding
In this research, the delamination issue in the Quad Flat Package (QFP) after molding and post-mold cure processes is investigated through experiments and simulation modeling. The delamination ...failure is occurred at the interface between the Cu pad and the molding compound. The resulting interfacial delamination failure weakens the structural strength of the package and adversely affects the electronic device reliability. In the present study, the delamination failure in QFP under the reflow process is analyzed and the underlying mechanisms are investigated using different types of pad design and geometric parameters. The simulation modeling can predict the most of delamination failures in the QFP. However, the delamination failure in QFP is subject to some uncertainties. Specifically, as Cu oxidation gradually increases under the reflow process and plasma, this results in the formation of a non-uniform oxide layer on the Cu frame surface. These uncertainty factors influence the delamination failure index, limiting the accuracy of the QFP module delamination failure prediction model. The purpose of this research was to improve the shear stress and the von-Mises stress of Cu pad by discussing the pad design, the die arrangement, and the structure design in the QFP.
Summary Perivascular soft tissue tumors are relatively uncommon neoplasms of unclear lineage of differentiation, although most are presumed to originate from or differentiate to pericytes or a ...modified perivascular cell. Among these, glomus tumor, myopericytoma, and angioleiomyoma share a spectrum of histologic findings and a perivascular growth pattern. In contrast, solitary fibrous tumor was once hypothesized to have pericytic differentiation—although little bona fide evidence of pericytic differentiation exists. Likewise the perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) family shares a perivascular growth pattern, but with distinctive dual myoid-melanocytic differentiation. RGS5, regulator of G-protein signaling 5, is a novel pericyte antigen with increasing use in animal models. Here, we describe the immunohistochemical expression patterns of RGS5 across perivascular soft tissue tumors, including glomus tumor (n = 6), malignant glomus tumor (n = 4), myopericytoma (n = 3), angioleiomyoma (n = 9), myofibroma (n = 4), solitary fibrous tumor (n = 10), and PEComa (n = 19). Immunohistochemical staining and semi-quantification was performed, and compared to αSMA (smooth muscle actin) expression. Results showed that glomus tumor (including malignant glomus tumor), myopericytoma, and angioleiomyoma shared a similar diffuse immunoreactivity for RGS5 and αSMA across all tumors examined. In contrast, myofibroma, solitary fibrous tumor and PEComa showed predominantly focal to absent RGS5 immunoreactivity. These findings further support a common pericytic lineage of differentiation in glomus tumors, myopericytoma and angioleiomyoma. The pericyte marker RGS5 may be of future clinical utility for the evaluation of pericytic differentiation in soft tissue tumors.
A rapid and sensitive UHPLC-HR-MSn method was developed for the identification of chemical constituents in capillary wormwood extract. ACQUITY UHPLC HSS T3 chromatography column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 ...μm) was used with 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile solution as the mobile phase in gradient elution. The extract was detected by ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap equipped with an ESI ion source in a negative mode. Based on the accurate mass measurements, retention time, mass fragmentation patterns and literature reports, a total of 50 compounds including 21 flavonoids, 22 phenolic acids, 6 coumarins and 1 other compound were tentatively screened and characterized. These results are helpful for the comprehensive quality control, better comprehension of the metabolism and further study of pharmacodynamic substance from capillary wormwood extract.
Microplastic (MP) pollution is widespread in various ecosystems and is colonized by microbes that form biofilms with compositions and functions. However, compared with aquatic environments, the soil ...environment has been poorly studied in terms of the taxonomic composition of microbial communities and the factors influencing the community structure of microbes in the plastisphere. In the present study, a microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the plastisphere bacterial communities of MP (polyvinyl chloride, PVC) in soils with different pH (4.62, 6.5, and 7.46) and arsenic (As) contents (13 and 74 mg kg−1). Bacterial communities in the plastisphere were dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, with distinct compositions and structures compared with soil bacterial communities. Soil pH and As content significantly affected the plastisphere bacterial communities. Constrained analysis of principal coordinates and a structural equation model demonstrated that soil pH had a stronger influence on the dissimilarity and diversity of bacterial communities than did soil As content. Soil pH affected As speciation in soil and on MP. The concentration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was significantly higher on MP than that in soil, indicating that As methylation occurred on MP. These results suggest that environmental fluctuations govern plastisphere bacterial communities with cascading effects on biogeochemical cycling of As in the soil ecosystems.
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•Plastisphere bacterial communities were significantly different from soil communities.•Soil pH and arsenic content significantly affected plastisphere bacterial communities.•Soil pH had a stronger influence on the dissimilarity and diversity of bacterial community than arsenic content.•Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) concentration in MPs was significantly higher than that in soil.
The hydrodynamic performance of a bottom-hinged flap wave energy converter （WEC） is investigated through a frequency domain numerical model. The numerical model is verified through a two-dimensional ...analytic solution, as well as the qualitative analysis on the dynamic response of avibrating system. The concept of ＂optimum density＂ of the bottom-hinged flap is proposed, and its analytic expression is derived as well. The frequency interval in which the optimum density exists is also obtained. The analytic expression of the optimum linear damping coefficient is obtained by a bottom-hinged WEC. Some basic dynamic properties involving natural period, excitation moment, pitch amplitude, and optimum damping coefficient are analyzed and discussed in detail. In addition, this paper highlights the analysis of effects on the conversion performance of the device exerted by some important parameters. The results indicate that ＂the optimum linear damping period of 5.0 s＂ is the most ideal option in the short wave sea states with the wave period below 6.0 s. Shallow water depth, large flap thickness and low flap density are advised in the practical design of the device in short wave sea states in order to maximize power capture. In the sea state with water depth of 5.0 m and wave period of 5.0 s, the results of parametric optimization suggest a flap with the width of 8.0 m, thickness of 1.6 m, and with the density as little as possible when the optimum power take-off （PTO） damping coefficient is adopted.
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