We present a monochromatic sub-terahertz signal generation technique using an optical comb signal, arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), and a uni-traveling carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) for spectroscopic ...applications. This scheme offers random or continuous frequency tuning in the range between 100 GHz and up to 1 THz. In addition, since a RF synthesizer is employed as a reference signal source of the photonic frequency multiplier, frequency locking with external instruments and reliable operation are offered. Highly coherent optical comb signal for the photonic frequency multiplication provides a narrow linewidth and very low phase noise in the generated sub-terahertz signal. For 125 GHz, the phase noise is approximately -92 dBc/Hz at the offset frequency of 10 kHz. This is larger than that of the 25-GHz RF source by about 13 dB and agrees well with the theory regarding phase noise multiplications due to frequency multiplication. For generating monochromatic signals, unwanted spurious signals are suppressed in the optical domain over a wide range with two AWGs, and the suppression ratio is expected to be better than 46 dBc. Utilizing the implemented sub-terahertz signal generator with a J-band UTC-PD module, absorption lines of N 2 O were measured in the frequency range between 240 and 360 GHz and compared with theoretical calculations.
Hydrothermal volatile-solubility and partitioning experiments were conducted with fluid-saturated haplogranitic melt, H
2
O, CO
2
, and S in an internally heated pressure vessel at 900°C and 200 MPa; ...three additional experiments were conducted with iron-bearing melt. The run-product glasses were analyzed by electron microprobe, FTIR, and SIMS; and they contain ≤0.12 wt% S, ≤0.097 wt% CO
2
, and ≤6.4 wt% H
2
O. Apparent values of log
f
O2
for the experiments at run conditions were computed from the (S
6+
)/(S
6+
+S
2−
) ratio of the glasses, and they range from NNO −0.4 to NNO + 1.4. The C–O–H–S fluid compositions at run conditions were computed by mass balance, and they contained 22–99 mol% H
2
O, 0–78 mol% CO
2
, 0–12 mol% S, and <3 wt% alkalis. Eight S-free experiments were conducted to determine the H
2
O and CO
2
concentrations of melt and fluid compositions and to compare them with prior experimental results for C–O–H fluid-saturated rhyolite melt, and the agreement is excellent. Sulfur partitions very strongly in favor of fluid in all experiments, and the presence of S modifies the fluid compositions, and hence, the CO
2
solubilities in coexisting felsic melt. The square of the mole fraction of H
2
O in melt increases in a linear fashion, from 0.05 to 0.25, with the H
2
O concentration of the fluid. The mole fraction of CO
2
in melt increases linearly, from 0.0003 to 0.0045, with the CO
2
concentration of C–O–H–S fluids. Interestingly, the CO
2
concentration in melts, involving relatively reduced runs (log
f
O2
≤ NNO + 0.3) that contain 2.5–7 mol% S in the fluid, decreases significantly with increasing S in the system. This response to the changing fluid composition causes the H
2
O and CO
2
solubility curve for C–O–H–S fluid-saturated haplogranitic melts at 200 MPa to shift to values near that modeled for C–O–H fluid-saturated, S-free rhyolite melt at 150 MPa. The concentration of S in haplogranitic melt increases in a linear fashion with increasing S in C–O–H–S fluids, but these data show significant dispersion that likely reflects the strong influence of
f
O2
on S speciation in melt and fluid. Importantly, the partitioning of S between fluid and melt does not vary with the (H
2
O/H
2
O + CO
2
) ratio of the fluid. The fluid-melt partition coefficients for H
2
O, CO
2
, and S and the atomic (C/S) ratios of the run-product fluids are virtually identical to thermodynamic constraints on volatile partitioning and the H, S, and C contents of pre-eruptive magmatic fluids and volcanic gases for subduction-related magmatic systems thus confirming our experiments are relevant to natural eruptive systems.
The ground subsidence induced by salt mining has been causing significant damage in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina since the 1950s. Several investigations and geodetic surveys have been conducted, ...i.e., traditional topographic surveys (1950–2003) and static GPS surveys (2004–2007). The last GPS survey (2006–2007) revealed that the subsidence in Tuzla was still occurring at a rate of about − 10 cm/year in some areas. Although monitoring of the subsidence has been on-going at a few points since 2010, by means of the real-time kinematic GNSS method, it lacks spatial coverage. Therefore, an appropriate method is required to monitor the subsidence over an extensive area at a low cost and with less labor time. Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR), together with the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) time-series algorithm, is one of the solutions for use as an effective monitoring tool. The spatial distribution of the subsidence obtained by SBAS-DInSAR shows a good agreement with the subsidence obtained from the former monitoring results. The temporal transition of the subsidence obtained by SBAS-DInSAR is evaluated using the results by the real-time kinematic GNSS monitoring system. It was shown that the DInSAR results coincide with the GNSS results with a discrepancy of less than 10 mm. SBAS-DInSAR detected that the subsidence had almost vanished everywhere, except the north and northeast portions of Pannonica Lake where the rate of subsidence was − 1 to − 4 cm/year during the period of October 2014–May 2019. This study demonstrates that SBAS-DInSAR can be employed as a useful and effective subsidence monitoring tool without the need to install any devices in the monitoring area.
Discomfort and pain encountered during orthodontic treatment are major problems for patients, but the details of the underlying neural processes and molecular mechanisms are not well-understood. Here ...we show that noxious tooth mechanical pressure induced by orthodontic elastics resulted in a rapid and transient activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus interpolaris and caudalis transition zone (Vi/Vc), trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and upper cervical spinal cord (Vc/C2). The phosphorylated ERK (pERK) was observed in neurons but not in astroglia and microglia. Single-plane scanning analysis indicated that the pERK was localized to the nucleus of Vc neurons. In addition, the tooth mechanical pressure led to Fos expression in the pERK-positive Vc neurons that would be suppressed by intrathecal administration of an MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of the ERK signaling cascade following noxious mechanical pressure on the teeth regulates Fos expression in Vc neurons and may thereby contribute to pain associated with orthodontic treatment.
Colorectal cancer incidence in relation to body size, smoking, and alcohol consumption was studied in a cohort of 29 051 city residents of Japan. In 1992, each participant completed a ...self-administered questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, drinking, cigarette smoking, diet, exercise, and reproductive and medical histories. The response rate was 92%. From 1993 to 2000, 161 men and 134 women were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at two major hospitals in the city. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using Cox proportional hazard models. A positive relation between height and colorectal cancer was seen in both sexes, controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking habits, and years of education. The findings were statistically significant only for men (relative risk 2.13 for the tallest compared with the shortest height tertile; 95% confidence interval=1.26-3.58). Body mass index was also associated positively with colon cancer risk for men, whereas the pattern for women was not clear. There was a positive association between pack-years of cigarette smoking and the risk of rectal cancer in men. A positive dose-response relation between alcohol consumption and colon cancer risk was observed for men and women.
Laboratory experiments on natural, hydrous basalts at 1–4 GPa constrain the composition of “unadulterated” partial melts of eclogitized oceanic crust within downgoing lithospheric slabs in subduction ...zones. We complement the “slab melting” experiments with another set of experiments in which these same “adakite” melts are allowed to infiltrate and react with an overlying layer of peridotite, simulating melt:rock reaction at the slab–mantle wedge interface. In subduction zones, the effects of reaction between slab-derived, adakite melts and peridotitic mantle conceivably range from hybridization of the melt, to modal or cryptic metasomatism of the sub-arc mantle, depending upon the “effective” melt:rock ratio. In experiments at 3.8 GPa, assimilation of either fertile or depleted peridotite by slab melts at a melt:rock ratio ∼2:1 produces Mg-rich, high-silica liquids in reactions which form pyrope-rich garnet and low-Mg# orthopyroxene, and fully consume olivine. Analysis of both the pristine and hybridized slab melts for a range of trace elements indicates that, although abundances of most trace elements in the melt increase during assimilation (because melt is consumed), trace element ratios remain relatively constant. In their compositional range, the experimental liquids closely resemble adakite lavas in island-arc and continental margin settings, and adakite veins and melt inclusions in metasomatized peridotite xenoliths from the sub-arc mantle. At slightly lower melt:rock ratios (∼1:1), slab melts are fully consumed, along with peridotitic olivine, in modal metasomatic reactions that form sodic amphibole and high-Mg# orthopyroxene.
Highlights • We report the mouse ocular performance evoked by dynamic otolith stimulation. • Counter rotation enabled to evaluate with a wide range of gravito-inertial force. • Well-conserved ...response properties in other species were also prominent in mice. • For study of mouse VSM, individual diversity should be taken into account.
Summary
Interleukin (IL)‐32 is a recently described proinflammatory cytokine, characterized by induction of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB activation. We studied IL‐32α expression in the inflamed mucosa of ...inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We also investigated mechanisms regulating IL‐32α expression. Tissue samples were obtained endoscopically or surgically from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 10), Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 10), ischaemic colitis (n = 4) and normal colorectal tissues (n = 10). IL‐32α expression was evaluated by standard immunohistochemical procedure. IL‐32 mRNA expression was analysed by Northern blot. IL‐32α was expressed weakly by colonic epithelial cells from normal individuals and subjects with ischaemic colitis. In the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients, epithelial IL‐32α expression was increased markedly. In UC and CD patients, IL‐32α expression was enhanced in affected mucosa compared to non‐affected mucosa. In intestinal epithelial cell lines, expression of IL‐32α mRNA and protein was enhanced by IL‐1β, interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. A combination of TNF‐α plus IFN‐γ exerted synergistic effects. IL‐32α induction by IL‐1β and/or TNF‐α was mediated by NF‐κB activation. Epithelial IL‐32α expression was increased in IBD patients, and in CD patients in particular. IL‐32α might be involved in the pathophysiology of IBD as a proinflammatory cytokine and a mediator of innate immune response.
First search for KL → π0γ Shimizu, N
Physical review. D,
09/2020, Volume:
102, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We report the first search for the KL → π0γ decay, which is forbidden by Lorentz invariance, using the data from 2016 to 2018 at the J-PARC KOTO experiment. With a single event sensitivity of (7.1 ± ...0. 3stat ± 1. 6syst) × 10−8, no candidate event was observed in the signal region. The upper limit on the branching fraction was set to be 1.7 × 10−7 at the 90% confidence level.
Natural killer (NK)-cell malignancies are among the most aggressive lymphoid neoplasms with very poor prognosis. We performed array comparative genomic hybridization analysis on a number of NK cell ...lines and primary tumors to gain better understanding of the pathogenesis and tumor biology of these malignancies. We also obtained transcriptional profiles of genes residing in these regions and compared them with normal and activated NK cells. Only 30-50% of the genes residing in the gained or deleted regions showed corresponding increased or decreased expression. However, many of the upregulated genes in regions of gain are functionally important for the proliferation and growth of the neoplastic population. Genes downregulated in regions of loss included many transcription factors or repressors, tumor suppressors or negative regulators of the cell cycle. The minimal common region of deletion in 6q21 included three known genes (PRDM1, ATG5 and AIM1) showing generally low expression. Mutations resulting in truncated PRDM1 and changes in conserved amino-acid sequences of AIM1 were detected. Highly methylated CpG islands 5' of PRDM1 and AIM1 correlated with low expression of the transcripts. Reversal of methylation by Decitabine induced expression of PRDM1 and cell death. In conclusion, we have shown a general tumor-promoting effect of genetic alterations and have identified PRDM1 as the most likely target gene in del6q21. ATG5, an essential gene for autophagy and AIM1, a gene implicated in melanoma, may also participate in the functional abnormalities.
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