We propose surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based single-side polished photonic crystal fiber (SSP-PCF) sensor for low as well as high refractive index (RI) sensing. To achieve this, an active metal ...gold (Au) is deposited on the PCF's flat narrow channels to form a dual-sensing channel. Following that, a thin nanolayer antimonene is deposited on Au, as its buckled honeycomb lattice structure aids in the trapping of numerous biomolecules. For the sensing range of 1.27 to 1.39, numerical results show that the wavelength sensitivity (WS) and amplitude sensitivity (AS) mounted on 77,000 nmRIU
−1
and 1320.41 RIU
−1
, respectively, with wavelength resolution (RW), and amplitude resolution (RA), as high as 1.298 × 10
–6
RIU, and 8.6 × 10
–7
RIU. The promising results obtained from the proposed SSP-PCF sensor offers improved refractive index sensing with a fine figure of merit (FOM),
i.e.
, 311.74 RIU
−1
for the sensing range of 1.27 to 1.39, which covers most known analytes such as proteins, cancer cells, glucose, viruses, DNA/RNA, medicinal drugs, halogenated organic acids. Further, the proposed sensor's design requires a simple fabrication procedure.
We propose a surface plasmon resonance based D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) refractive index (RI) sensor in visible to near-infrared spectrum. It is suitable for the detection of ...biomedical/biochemical analytes within the different analyte refractive indices ranging from 1.33 to 1.40. Gold is used as an active metal deposited on the partially removed cladding of the D-shaped PCF. Subsequently, a thin layer of molybdenum disulfide (MoS
2
) is deposited on the gold because it supports intensive confinement of plasmon polaritons with low loss. Further, a flake of graphene is deposited on MoS
2
layer as it provides oxidation resistance to gold and MoS
2
layers. MoS
2
improves the sensing characteristics of the proposed D-shaped PCF due to its high surface adsorption efficiency and excellent band gap tunability. Moreover, the structure parameter such as the diameter of the largest air hole and the thickness of gold, graphene and MoS
2
layer is varied to observe its effect on sensing performance of the proposed PCF. The simulation result showed that the sensitivity was improved and reached to 14,933.34 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) with a high figure of merit and an effective RI resolution of 401.05 RIU
−1
and
6.69
×
10
-
6
RIU, respectively. With such sensing characteristics, our proposed sensor can be a potential candidate in plasmonic sensors.
Abstract
Indian cities have frequently observed intense and severe heat waves for the last few years. It will be primarily due to a significant increase in the variation in heat wave characteristics ...like duration, frequency, and intensity across the urban regions of India. This study will determine the impact of future climate scenarios like SSP 245 and 585 over the heat wave characteristics. It will present the comparison between heat waves characteristics in the historical time (1981 to 2020) with future projections, i.e., D
1
(2021–2046), D
2
(2047–2072), and D
3
(2073–2098) for different climate scenarios across Indian smart cities. It is observed that the Coastal, Interior Peninsular, and North-Central regions will observe intense and frequent heat waves in the future under SSP 245 and 585 scenarios. A nearly two-fold increase in heat wave' mean duration will be observed in the smart cities of the Interior Peninsular, Coastal, and North Central zones. Thiruvananthapuram city on the west coast has the maximum hazard associated with heat waves among all the smart cities of India under both SSPs. This study assists smart city policymakers in improving the planning and implementation of heat wave adaptation and mitigation plans based on the proposed framework for heat action plans and heat wave characteristics for improving urban health well-being under hot weather extremes in different homogeneous temperature zones.
A bstract We address the question of whether thermal QCD at high temperature is chaotic from the $$\mathcal{M}$$ theory dual of QCD-like theories at intermediate coupling as constructed in 1. The ...equations of motion of the gauge-invariant combination Z s ( r ) of scalar metric perturbations is shown to possess an irregular singular point at the horizon radius r h . Very interestingly, at a specific value of the imaginary frequency and momentum used to read off the analogs of the “Lyapunov exponent” λ L and “butterfly velocity” v b not only does r h become a regular singular point, but truncating the incoming mode solution of Z s ( r ) as a power series around r h , yields a “missing pole”, i.e., C n , n +1 = 0, det M ( n ) = 0, n ∈ $${\mathbb{Z}}^{+}$$ is satisfied for a single n ≥ 3 depending on the values of the string coupling g s , number of (fractional) D 3 branes ( M ) N and flavor D 7-branes N f in the parent type IIB set 2, e.g., for the QCD(EW-scale)-inspired N = 100, M = N f = 3, g s = 0.1, one finds a missing pole at n = 3. For integral n > 3, truncating Z s ( r ) at $$\mathcal{O}\left({\left(r-{r}_{h}\right)}^{n}\right)$$ , yields C n , n +1 = 0 at order n , ∀ n ≥ 3. Incredibly, (assuming preservation of isotropy in $${\mathbb{R}}^{3}$$ even with the inclusion of higher derivative corrections) the aforementioned gauge-invariant combination of scalar metric perturbations receives no $$\mathcal{O}\left({R}^{4}\right)$$ corrections. Hence, (the aforementioned analogs of) λ L , v b are unrenormalized up to $$\mathcal{O}\left({R}^{4}\right)$$ in $$\mathcal{M}$$ theory.
Climate change significantly impacts the global hydrological cycle, leading to pronounced shifts in hydroclimatic extremes such as increased duration, occurrence, and intensity. Despite these ...significant changes, our understanding of hydroclimatic risks and hydrological resilience remains limited, particularly at the catchment scale in peninsular India. This study aims to address this gap by examining hydroclimatic extremes and resilience in 54 peninsular catchments from 1988 to 2011. We initially assess extreme precipitation and discharge indices and estimate design return levels using non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models that use global climate modes (ENSO, IOD, and AMO) as covariates. Further, hydrological resilience is evaluated using a convex model that inputs simulated discharge from the best hydrological model among SVM, RVM, random forest, and a conceptual model (abcd). Our analysis shows that the spatial patterns of mean extreme precipitation indices (R1 and R5) mostly resemble with extreme discharge indices (Q1 and Q5). Additionally, all extreme indices, including R1, Q1, R5, and Q5, demonstrate non-stationary behavior, indicating the substantial influence of global climate modes on extreme precipitation and flooding across the catchments. Our results indicate that the random forest model outperforms the others. Furthermore, we find that 68.52% of the catchments exhibit low to moderate hydrological resilience. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding hydroclimatic risks and catchment resilience for accurate climate change impact predictions and effective adaptation strategies.
In this Letter, we investigate the temperature dependence of the optical properties of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3 = CH3NH3PbI3) from room temperature to 6 K. In both the tetragonal (T > 163 ...K) and the orthorhombic (T < 163 K) phases of MAPbI3, the band gap (from both absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements) decreases with decrease in temperature, in contrast to what is normally seen for many inorganic semiconductors, such as Si, GaAs, GaN, etc. We show that in the perovskites reported here, the temperature coefficient of thermal expansion is large and accounts for the positive temperature coefficient of the band gap. A detailed analysis of the exciton line width allows us to distinguish between static and dynamic disorder. The low-energy tail of the exciton absorption is reminiscent of Urbach absorption. The Urbach energy is a measure of the disorder, which is modeled using thermal and static disorder for both the phases separately. The static disorder component, manifested in the exciton line width at low temperature, is small. Above 60 K, thermal disorder increases the line width. Both these features are a measure of the high crystal quality and low disorder of the perovskite films even though they are produced from solution.
For India's modernization and urbanization, the need for energy is increasing extremely quickly. Because they are abundant in nature, renewable energy sources might be viewed as more advantageous ...than traditional ones. Both solar and wind energy are abundant and may be regarded as reliable sources of energy production. For the modernization of isolated areas and the electrification of rural areas, hybrid solar and wind energy systems can be deployed. This work does simulation of a hybrid solar and wind power system that is linked to the grid. For this study, a simulated model is utilized to determine the sag, swell, source voltage, source current. Solar-generated dc electricity is transformed into ac power using a universal converter. The benefit of using universal inverter is used to raise the system's overall power quality and get the Uninterruptible power supplies.
Mixed-halide perovskites enable bandgap engineering for tandem solar cell and light-emitting diode applications. However, photoinduced halide phase segregation introduces a compositional instability, ...that is, formation of I-rich and Br-rich phases, which compromises photovoltaic efficiency and stability. While optical and structural studies of the photoinduced phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites have been reported, its impact on the material stability is missing. Here, a detailed compositional analysis of mixed-halide perovskite films using x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was carried out to determine how their stability in various environments depends on the halide ratio. A series of perovskite thin films were fabricated with the composition CH3NH3Pb(IxBr1−x)3, where x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00, and analyzed under different conditions, such as exposure to light in ambient and in nitrogen atmosphere, as well as storage in the dark. From the spectroscopy results, complemented with structural and optical properties, it was found that the deletion of halide ions from the surface is facilitated in mixed-halide perovskites in comparison with pure halide perovskites. A higher stability was found for the mixed-halide perovskite containing less than 25% Br, and it decreases with increasing Br content. This study also established the effect of the Br/I ratio on the energy landscape of the materials. The UPS spectra reveal that photoinduced degradation results in a mismatch of the energy levels at the perovskite/transport layer interface, which may limit the collection of charge carriers. These findings correlate well with the photovoltaic device stability under similar degradation conditions.
The present paper compares motorized two-wheeler (MTW) and passenger car's interactions with the rest of the traffic in urban roads while performing overtaking and filtering maneuvers. To better ...understand filtering maneuvers of motorcyclists and car drivers, an attempt was made to propose a new measure, i.e. pore size ratio. Additionally, the factors affecting lateral width acceptance for motorcyclists and car drivers while overtaking and filtering were studied using advanced trajectory data. A regression model was developed to predict the significant factors affecting motorcyclist's and car driver's decisions to accept lateral width with the adjacent vehicle while performing overtaking and filtering maneuvers. Finally, a comparative analysis between machine learning and the probit model revealed that, in the present case, machine learning models perform better than the probit model in terms of the model's discernment power. The findings of this study will help ameliorate the power of existing microsimulation tools.
