Acute ischemic stroke is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy are the main revascularization ...therapies for acute ischemic stroke. However, ischemia-reperfusion injury after revascularization therapy can result in worsening outcomes. Among all possible pathological mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury, free radical damage (mainly oxidative/nitrosative stress injury) has been found to play a key role in the process. Free radicals lead to protein dysfunction, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation, resulting in cell death. Additionally, free radical damage has a strong connection with inducing hemorrhagic transformation and cerebral edema, which are the major complications of revascularization therapy, and mainly influencing neurological outcomes due to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier. In order to get a better clinical prognosis, more and more studies focus on the pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical neuroprotective therapies against free radical damage. This review discusses the pathological mechanisms of free radicals in ischemia-reperfusion injury and adjunctive neuroprotective therapies combined with revascularization therapy against free radical damage.
The voltage limit for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors is usually 2 V, which impedes further improvement in energy density. Here, high Na content Birnessite Na0.5MnO2 nanosheet assembled nanowall ...arrays are in situ formed on carbon cloth via electrochemical oxidation. It is interesting to find that the electrode potential window for Na0.5MnO2 nanowall arrays can be extended to 0–1.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl) with significantly increased specific capacitance up to 366 F g−1. The extended potential window for the Na0.5MnO2 electrode provides the opportunity to further increase the cell voltage of aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors beyond 2 V. To construct the asymmetric supercapacitor, carbon‐coated Fe3O4 nanorod arrays are synthesized as the anode and can stably work in a negative potential window of −1.3 to 0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). For the first time, a 2.6 V aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor is demonstrated by using Na0.5MnO2 nanowall arrays as the cathode and carbon‐coated Fe3O4 nanorod arrays as the anode. In particular, the 2.6 V Na0.5MnO2//Fe3O4@C asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a large energy density of up to 81 Wh kg−1 as well as excellent rate capability and cycle performance, outperforming previously reported MnO2‐based supercapacitors. This work provides new opportunities for developing high‐voltage aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors with further increased energy density.
Birnessite Na0.5MnO2 nanosheet assembled nanowall arrays are grown on carbon cloth via in situ electrochemical oxidation from spinel Mn3O4 nanowall arrays. By coupling with carbon‐coated Fe3O4 nanorod arrays as the anode, a 2.6 V aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor is successfully developed. It exhibits a high energy density of 81 Wh kg−1 as well as excellent power capability and cycle performance.
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channel, a calcium‐permeable non‐selective divalent cation channel, is broadly expressed in various cells and tissues, including the brain. TRPM7 is ...thought to be coupled to the metabolic state and regulate calcium homeostasis in the cell. TRPM7 takes part in a wide range of cell biology processes that affect cell growth and proliferation, as well as in embryonic development and skeleton formation. TRPM7 plays a significant role in ischaemic and hypoxic brain injury and neuronal cell death. TRPM7, as a key non‐glutamate mechanism of cerebral ischaemia, also triggers an intracellular ionic imbalance and neuronal cell death in ischaemia and hypoxia. We have reported that TRPM7 is expressed in neurons of the hippocampus and cortex and activation of TRPM7 induced ischaemic neuronal cell death; suppression of TRPM7 with virally mediated gene silencing using siRNA reduced ischaemic neuronal cell death and improved neurobehavioural outcomes in vivo. Recently, we also demonstrated that inhibition of TRPM7 using pharmacological means promoted neuronal outgrowth in vitro and provided neuroprotection against brain injury to hypoxia in vivo. Thus, we have shown the contributions of TRPM7 in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including hypoxia and ischaemia.
TRPM7, a calcium‐permeable divalent cation channel, is an important player in the non‐glutamate mechanism in stroke and mediates intracellular ionic imbalance and neuronal cell death. Inhibition of TRPM7 reduced neuronal cell death and brain damage in ischaemia and hypoxia.
Anodes involving conversion and alloying reaction mechanisms are attractive for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities. However, serious volume change and metal ...aggregation upon potassiation/depotassiation usually cause poor electrochemical performance. Herein, few‐layered SnS2 nanosheets supported on reduced graphene oxide (SnS2@rGO) are fabricated and investigated as anode material for PIBs, showing high specific capacity (448 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1), high rate capability (247 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and improved cycle performance (73% capacity retention after 300 cycles). In this composite electrode, SnS2 nanosheets undergo sequential conversion (SnS2 to Sn) and alloying (Sn to K4Sn23, KSn) reactions during potassiation/depotassiation, giving rise to a high specific capacity. Meanwhile, the hybrid ultrathin nanosheets enable fast K storage kinetics and excellent structure integrity because of fast electron/ionic transportation, surface capacitive‐dominated charge storage mechanism, and effective accommodation for volume variation. This work demonstrates that K storage performance of alloy and conversion‐based anodes can be remarkably promoted by subtle structure engineering.
Few‐layered SnS2 nanosheets vertically alligned on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets are demonstrated as high‐performance anode material for potassium‐ion batteries. Besides the high specific capacities based on sequential conversion and alloying reactions, excellent rate capability and cycling stability are also achieved by enhanced surface charge storage, fast electron/ionic transportation, and improved structural stability, benifiting from the subtle structure engineering.
Fiber‐shaped rechargeable batteries hold promise as the next‐generation energy storage devices for wearable electronics. However, their application is severely hindered by the difficulty in ...fabrication of robust fiber‐like electrodes with promising electrochemical performance. Herein, yolk–shell NiS2 nanoparticles embedded in porous carbon fibers (NiS2⊂PCF) are successfully fabricated and developed as high‐performance fiber electrodes for sodium storage. Benefiting from the robust embedded structure, 3D porous and conductive carbon network, and yolk–shell NiS2 nanoparticles, the as‐prepared NiS2⊂PCF fiber electrode achieves a high reversible capacity of about 679 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, outstanding rate capability (245 mA h g−1 at 10 C), and ultrastable cycle performance with 76% capacity retention over 5000 cycles at 5 C. Notably, a flexible fiber‐shaped sodium battery is assembled, and high reversible capacity is kept at different bending states. This work offers a new electrode‐design paradigm toward novel carbon fiber electrodes embedded with transition metal oxides/sulfides/phosphides for application in flexible energy storage devices.
A fiber‐like electrode with yolk–shell NiS2 nanoparticle‐embedded porous carbon fibers is developed via a facile strategy. The hybrid fiber electrode exhibits ultrastable cycling stability with large specific capacity and good rate performance. A fiber‐shaped sodium battery is constructed with the hybrid fiber electrode and sodium metal, demonstrating outstanding electrochemical performance, structural robustness, and flexibility.
Soybean (
) oil is one of the most widely used vegetable oils across the world. Breeding of soybean to reduce the saturated fatty acid (FA) content, which is linked to cardiovascular disease, would ...be of great significance for nutritional improvement. Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (FATs) can release free FAs and acyl-ACP, which ultimately affects the FA profile. In this study, we identified a pair of soybean FATB coding genes,
and
. Mutants that knock out either or both of the
genes were obtained via CRISPR/Cas9. Single mutants,
and
, showed a decrease in leaf palmitic and stearic acid contents, ranging from 11% to 21%. The double mutant,
, had a 42% and 35% decrease in palmitic and stearic acid content, displayed growth defects, and were male sterility. Analysis of the seed oil profile revealed that
and
had significant lower palmitic and stearic acid contents, 39-53% and 17-37%, respectively, while that of the unsaturated FAs were the same. The relative content of the beneficial FA, linoleic acid, was increased by 1.3-3.6%. The oil profile changes in these mutants were confirmed for four generations. Overall, our data illustrate that
knockout mutants have great potential in improving the soybean oil quality for human health.
Single-photon switches and transistors generate strong photon-photon interactions that are essential for quantum circuits and networks. However, the deterministic control of an optical signal with a ...single photon requires strong interactions with a quantum memory, which has been challenging to achieve in a solid-state platform. We demonstrate a single-photon switch and transistor enabled by a solid-state quantum memory. Our device consists of a semiconductor spin qubit strongly coupled to a nanophotonic cavity. The spin qubit enables a single 63-picosecond gate photon to switch a signal field containing up to an average of 27.7 photons before the internal state of the device resets. Our results show that semiconductor nanophotonic devices can produce strong and controlled photon-photon interactions that could enable high-bandwidth photonic quantum information processing.
Blue phosphorus, a previously unknown phase of phosphorus, has been recently predicted by theoretical calculations and shares its layered structure and high stability with black phosphorus, a rapidly ...rising two-dimensional material. Here, we report a molecular beam epitaxial growth of single layer blue phosphorus on Au(111) by using black phosphorus as precursor, through the combination of in situ low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculation. The structure of the as-grown single layer blue phosphorus on Au(111) is explained with a (4 × 4) blue phosphorus unit cell coinciding with a (5 × 5) Au(111) unit cell, and this is verified by the theoretical calculations. The electronic bandgap of single layer blue phosphorus on Au(111) is determined to be 1.10 eV by scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurement. The realization of epitaxial growth of large-scale and high quality atomic-layered blue phosphorus can enable the rapid development of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices based on this emerging two-dimensional material.
Objective
This study aimed to determine whether dietary curcumin intervention targets both white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and brown adipose tissue (BAT)‐mediated energy expenditure.
Methods
...C57BL/6J mice were fed with a low‐fat diet, high‐fat diet (HFD), or HFD plus curcumin. In addition to assessing the effect of curcumin intervention on metabolic profiles, this study assessed WAT macrophage infiltration and composition and inflammatory cytokine production. Metabolic cages were applied for determining energy expenditure. Raw264.7 (ATCC, Manassas, Virginia) and other cell models were utilized to test the in vitro effect of curcumin treatment.
Results
Curcumin intervention reduced WAT macrophage infiltration and altered macrophage functional polarity, as the ratio of M2‐like versus M1‐like macrophages increased after curcumin intervention. Curcumin treatment reduced M1‐like macrophage markers or proinflammation cytokine expression in both macrophages and adipocytes. Curcumin intervention also increased energy expenditure and body temperature in response to a cold challenge. Finally, the in vivo and in vitro investigations suggested that curcumin increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), possibly involving PPAR‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms.
Conclusions
Curcumin intervention targets both WAT inflammation and BAT UCP1 expression. These observations advanced our knowledge on the metabolic beneficial effects of the curry compound curcumin, bringing us a novel perspective on dietary polyphenol research.
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