The cosα method and the 2D method are well known as X-ray stress measurements using an area detector. Although the X-ray exposure of the cosα method occurs once, the accuracy of the center of the ...detector is required due to usage of the oblique incident X-ray beam. In the 2D method, the X-ray beams have to be applied from multiple orientations, and multiple measurements are required.
In this study, I propose a new method for X-ray stress measurement using an area detector. Its method is called the direct-method”. The diffraction angles are measured with the area detector and the normal incident X-ray beam, and then the stresses are optimized by a simplex method. To examine effectiveness of the direct-method, I measured the residual stresses caused by water-jet peening. The stresses obtained were close to those obtained by the other method. It is discussed that precision of a detector center is important in usage of the area detector. In the case of the normal incident X-ray beam, the shape of the diffraction ring is an ellipse and has point symmetry at the origin. Using this property, the center of the area detector can be corrected. Further, the direct-method was applied to measuring the residual stresses coming from the grinding process. After correcting the center of the diffraction ring, the stresses which were optimized by the simplex method corresponded to those measured by the sin2ψ method. In addition, the direct-method was extended to a cosα method.
Abstract The outbreak of COVID‐19 became a major problem at various facilities, and aged‐care facilities were no exception. In the event of a person detected positive for the disease, outpatient ...facilities were suspended, but inpatient facilities could not be suspended, and it became necessary to deal with the residents and positive people. This study aimed to obtain knowledge that would lead to the prevention of the spread of COVID‐19. The effects of differences in facility types were first examined on the occurrence of COVID‐19 cases and then on the response after testing positive in nursing homes for the elderly.
End-to-end learning machines enable a direct mapping from the raw input data to the desired outputs, eliminating the need for hand-crafted features. Despite less engineering effort than the ...hand-crafted counterparts, these learning machines achieve extremely good results for many computer vision and medical image analysis tasks. Two dominant classes of end-to-end learning machines are massive-training artificial neural networks (MTANNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Although MTANNs have been actively used for a number of medical image analysis tasks over the past two decades, CNNs have recently gained popularity in the field of medical imaging. In this study, we have compared these two successful learning machines both experimentally and theoretically. For that purpose, we considered two well-studied topics in the field of medical image analysis: detection of lung nodules and distinction between benign and malignant lung nodules in computed tomography (CT). For a thorough analysis, we used 2 optimized MTANN architectures and 4 distinct CNN architectures that have different depths. Our experiments demonstrated that the performance of MTANNs was substantially higher than that of CNN when using only limited training data. With a larger training dataset, the performance gap became less evident even though the margin was still significant. Specifically, for nodule detection, MTANNs generated 2.7 false positives per patient at 100% sensitivity, which was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the best performing CNN model with 22.7 false positives per patient at the same level of sensitivity. For nodule classification, MTANNs yielded an area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.8806 (95% CI: 0.8389–0.9223), which was significantly (p<0.05) greater than the best performing CNN model with an AUC of 0.7755 (95% CI: 0.7120–0.8270). Thus, with limited training data, MTANNs would be a suitable end-to-end machine-learning model for detection and classification of focal lesions that do not require high-level semantic features.
•MTANNs yielded higher performance than CNNs for nodule detection and classification.•Deep CNN architectures achieved higher performance than shallow architectures for nodule detection.•CNN architectures with varying depths performed comparably for nodule classification.•MTANNs can achieve desired performance with a smaller training dataset than do the CNNs.•MTANNs tend to learn the appearance of lesion parts, whereas CNNs attempt to learn the lesion appearance as a whole.
Small‐scale daycare services for 0‐ to 2‐year‐old children, which were established in 2015, are expected to eliminate the waiting list for young children. However, securing the acceptance of ...3‐year‐old graduates has become a major issue, and it is necessary to establish affiliated facilities for small‐scale daycare services. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual circumstances of facilities affiliated with small‐scale daycare services and the effects of age composition on the capacity of authorized day nurseries. The document analyses and visit surveys were conducted on 17 nurseries.
Small‐scale daycare services for zero‐ to two‐year‐old children, which were established in 2015, are expected to eliminate the waiting list for young children. However, securing the acceptance of three‐year‐old graduates has become a major issue, and it is necessary to establish affiliated facilities for small‐scale daycare services. In this study, the document analyses and visit surveys were conducted, with the aim of clarifying the actual circumstances of facilities affiliated with small‐scale daycare services and the effects of age composition on the capacity of authorized day nurseries.
We evaluated the clinical significance of the presence of a ground glass opacity (GGO) component in clinical stage IA radiologic invasive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
We reviewed 497 ...surgically resected clinical stage IA radiologic invasive NSCLCs, which were then classified into two groups based on consolidation tumor ratio (CTR), that is part-solid (0.5 ≤ CTR < 1.0, n = 177) and pure-solid (CTR = 1.0, n = 320). The part-solid tumors were subdivided into GGO-predominant (0.5 ≤ CTR < 0.75, n = 115) and solid-predominant (0.75 ≤ CTR < 1.0, n = 62) groups. Impact of tumor size was assessed based on CTR using Cox proportional hazards model.
Among the radiologic invasive NSCLCs, multivariate analyses revealed that the presence of the carcinoembryonic antigen and a radiologic pure-solid appearance were independent significant prognostic variables (p = 0.019 and 0.034). The 5-year overall survival (OS) revealed significant differences between pure-solid and part-solid tumors (82.7% versus 95.3%, p < 0.0001) and differed significantly among radiologic pure-solid NSCLCs in terms of maximum tumor size (≤20 mm: 86.1%, 21 to 30 mm: 78.1%, p = 0.0274). However, oncologic characteristics between GGO-predominant and solid-predominant types are clinicopathologically similar. The 5-year OS was equivalent in the GGO-predominant and solid-predominant arms (5-year OS: 95.3% versus 96.8%, p = 0.703). Furthermore, it was identical despite the maximum tumor size (≤20 mm: 96.6%, 21 to 30 mm: 94.9%, p = 0.4810) or the solid component size (≤20 mm: 96.0%, 21 to 30 mm: 93.8%, p = 0.6119).
Presence of a GGO component might have a notable impact on a favorable prognosis even in clinical stage IA radiologic invasive NSCLCs. Therefore, a clear distinction between part-solid and pure-solid findings on thin-section computed tomography is extremely important when evaluating the oncologic outcomes of radiologically solid NSCLCs.
Comparison of pulmonary segmentectomy and lobectomy: Safety results of a randomized trial Suzuki, Kenji; Saji, Hisashi; Aokage, Keiju ...
Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,
September 2019, 2019-09-00, 20190901, Volume:
158, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
No definitive comparisons of surgical morbidity between segmentectomy and lobectomy for non–small cell lung cancer have been reported.
We conducted a randomized controlled trial to confirm the ...noninferiority of segmentectomy to lobectomy in regard to prognosis (trial No. JCOG0802/WJOG4607L). Patients with invasive peripheral non–small cell lung cancer tumor of a diameter ≤2 cm were randomized to undergo either lobectomy or segmentectomy. The primary end point was overall survival. Here, we have focused on morbidity and mortality. Predictors of surgical morbidity were evaluated by the mode of surgery. Segmentectomy was categorized into simple and complex. Simple segmentectomy was defined as segmental resection of the right or left segment 6, left superior, or lingular segment. Complex segmentectomy was resection of the other segment. This trial is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network--Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000002317).
Between August 10, 2009, and October 21, 2014, 1106 patients (lobectomy n = 554 and segmentectomy n = 552) were enrolled. No mortality was noted. Complications (grade ≥ 2) occurred in 26.2% and 27.4% in the lobectomy and segmentectomy arms (P = .68), respectively. Fistula/pulmonary-lung (air leak) was detected in 21 (3.8%) and 36 (6.5%) patients in the lobectomy and segmentectomy arms (P = .04), respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that predictors of pulmonary complications, including air leak and empyema (grade ≥ 2) were complex segmentectomy (vs lobectomy) (odds ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.88; P = .023), and > 20 pack-years of smoking (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-5.97; P = .023).
There was no difference in almost any postoperative measure of intraoperative and postoperative complication in segmentectomy and lobectomy patients, except more air leakage was observed in the segmentectomy arm. Segmentectomy will be a standard treatment if the superior pulmonary function and noninferiority in overall survival are confirmed.
The 2 phase III trials, JCOG0802/WJOG4607L and JCOG0804/WJOG4507L, were based on JCOG0201. Display omitted
The LifeChair is a smart cushion that provides vibrotactile feedback by actively sensing and classifying sitting postures to encourage upright posture and reduce slouching. The key component of the ...LifeChair is our novel conductive fabric pressure sensing array. Fabric sensors have been explored in the past, but a full sensing solution for embedded real world use has not been proposed. We have designed our system with commercial use in mind, and as a result, it has a high focus on manufacturability, cost-effectiveness and adaptiveness. We demonstrate the performance of our fabric sensing system by installing it into the LifeChair and comparing its posture detection accuracy with our previous study that implemented a conventional flexible printed PCB-sensing system. In this study, it is shown that the LifeChair can detect all 11 postures across 20 participants with an improved average accuracy of 98.1%, and it demonstrates significantly lower variance when interfacing with different users. We also conduct a performance study with 10 participants to evaluate the effectiveness of the LifeChair device in improving upright posture and reducing slouching. Our performance study demonstrates that the LifeChair is effective in encouraging users to sit upright with an increase of 68.1% in time spent seated upright when vibrotactile feedback is activated.
The optimal mode of surgery for ground-glass opacity dominant peripheral lung cancer defined with thoracic thin-section computed tomography remains unknown.
We conducted a single-arm confirmatory ...trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sublobar resection for ground-glass opacity dominant peripheral lung cancer. Lung cancer with maximum tumor diameter 2.0 cm or less and with consolidation tumor ratio 0.25 or less based on thin-section computed tomography were registered. The primary end point was 5-year relapse-free survival. The planned sample size was 330 with the expected 5-year relapse-free survival of 98%, threshold of 95%, 1-sided α of 5%, and power of 90%. The trial is registered with University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, number University Hospital Medical Information Network 000002008.
Between May 2009 and April 2011, 333 patients were enrolled from 51 institutions. Median age was 62 years (interquartile range, 56-68), and 109 were smokers. Median maximum tumor diameter was 1.20 cm (1.00-1.54). Median maximum tumor diameter of consolidation was 0 (0.00-0.20). The primary end point, 5-year relapse-free survival, was estimated on 314 patients who underwent sublobar resection. Operative modes were 258 wide wedge resections and 56 segmentectomies. Median pathological surgical margin was 15 mm (0-55). The 5-year relapse-free survival was 99.7% (90% confidence interval, 98.3-99.9), which met the primary end point. There was no local relapse. Grade 3 or higher postoperative complications based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Effect v3.0 were observed in 17 patients (5.4%), without any grade 4 or 5.
Sublobar resection with enough surgical margin offered sufficient local control and relapse-free survival for lung cancer clinically resectable N0 staged by computed tomography with 3 or fewer peripheral lesions 2.0 cm or less amenable to sublobar resection and with a consolidation tumor ratio of 0.25 or less.
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Almost five years have passed since the comprehensive support system for child and child‐rearing (CSSCC) commenced in 2015. Many certified nurseries operating on the municipality’s standards have ...transferred to small‐scale day care services or authorized day nurseries based on national standards. In a previous study, I examined the results of the transition from certified nurseries to small‐scale day care services. In this study, document analyses and visit surveys were conducted with 20 nurseries in Sendai, with the aim of clarifying the actual circumstances of the certified nurseries four years after the system began and the transition from certified nurseries to authorized day nurseries.
Almost five years have passed since the comprehensive support system for child and child‐rearing (CSSCC) commenced in 2015. In this study, document analyses and visit surveys were conducted with 20 nurseries in Sendai, with the aim of clarifying the actual circumstances of the certified nurseries four years after the system commenced and the transition from certified nurseries to authorized day nurseries.
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