This study provides EQ-5D population norms for 20 countries (N = 163,838), which can be used to compare profiles for patients with specific conditions with data for the average person in the general ...population in a similar age and/or gender group. Descriptive EQ-5D data are provided for the total population, by gender and by seven age groups. Provided index values are based on European VAS for all countries, based on TTO for 11 countries and based on VAS for 10 countries. Important differences exist in EQ-5D reported health status across countries after standardizing for population structure. Self-reported health according to all five dimensions and EQ VAS generally decreased with increasing age and was lower for females. Mean self-rated EQ VAS scores varied from 70.4 to 83.3 in the total population by country. The prior living standards (GDP per capita) in the countries studied are correlated most with the EQ VAS scores (0.58), while unemployment appeared to be significantly correlated in people over the age of 45 only. A country's expenditure on health care correlated moderately with higher ratings on the EQ VAS (0.55). EQ-5D norms can be used as reference data to assess the burden of disease of patients with specific conditions. Such information, in turn, can inform policy-making and assist in setting priorities in health care.
Background: In the last few decades, identity formation has been postponed until the mid or latetwenties (ARNETT 2000). ARNETT calls this specific period between 19–27 emerging adulthood.According to ...WATERMAN (1999), some family variables can foster or hinder the process of identitydevelopment. In our study, we investigate the relation of parenting styles described by BAUMRIND(1991), two-parent or one-parent family backgrounds, and occupational identity. Among thedimensions of identity, we will focus on occupational identity, since it has great importance in thisperiod of life.Method: Besides demographic variables and data regarding the participants’ family background,we used the Melgosa Occupational Identity Scale (OIS), Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ).The sample consisted of 220 19–29-year-old emerging adults.Results: According to our hypothesis, identity diffusion and moratorium show a slightly negativecorrelation with age. Regarding occupational identity, it seems significant whether the personcould or could not find a job in accordance with their qualifications: the moratorium is higheramong those who could not, while foreclosure and identity achievement is higher among thosewho found a job in their professional field. Regarding family background, it seems that childrenof divorced parents do now show higher rates of less adaptive identity statuses, but foreclosure ishigher among children raised in two-parent families. Conforming to our expectations, we foundthat permissive parenting is related to identity diffusion, while interestingly, both the father’s andthe mother’s authoritative parenting is related to foreclosure.
Objective The objective of this study was to understand systematic differences in utility values derived from the EQ-5D and the SF-6D in two respiratory populations with heterogeneous disease ...severity. Methods This study involved secondary analysis of data from two cross-sectional surveys of patients with asthma (N = 228; Hungary) and COPD (N = 176; Sweden). Disease severity was defined according to GINA and GOLD guidelines for asthma and COPD, respectively. EQ-5D and SF-6D scores and their distributional characteristics were compared across the two samples by disease severity level. Results Within each patient population, mean EQ-5D and SF-6D scores were similar for the overall group and for those with moderate disease. Mean scores varied for patients with mild and severe disease. EQ-5D versus SF-6D scores in the asthma group by severity levels were 0.89 versus 0.80, 0.70 versus 0.73, 0.63 versus 0.64, and 0.51 versus 0.63, respectively. EQ-5D versus SF-6D scores in the COPD group by severity levels were 0.85 versus 0.80, 0.73 versus 0.73, 0.74 versus 0.73, and 0.53 versus 0.62, respectively. Conclusions Results suggest the EQ-5D and SF-6D do not yield consistent utility values in patients with asthma and COPD due to differences in underlying valuation techniques and the EQ-5D's limited response options relative to mild disease.
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