Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, was found to be unable to activate immune-related genes in Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast, highly purified LPS ...elicited immune-related gene expression in the fat body of Bombyx mori. However, the level of activation by highly purified LPS was lower than crude LPS and peptidoglycan. Furthermore, synthetic lipid A also activated these genes, suggesting that B. mori possesses unknown signal pathways to activate immune-related genes by LPS. Up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide genes by highly purified LPS was not confirmed in the immune-responsive cell line, NIAS-Bm-aff3, suggesting that some factors necessary for signal transduction activated by LPS are deficient in this cell line.
Abstract Introduction Grafts from donation after cardiac death (DCD) will greatly contribute to the expand the donor pool. However, these grafts may require the development of the preservation ...methods because of primary nonfunction and severe ischemic bile duct injury. Methods Porcine livers were perfused with a newly developed machine perfusion (MP) system. Each system for the portal vein or the hepatic artery had a roller pump, a flow meter, and a pressure sensor. The livers were perfused with University of Wisconsin (UW)-gluconate at 4°C–6°C for 3 hours after 2 hours simple cold storage (CS). The portal vein flow rate was 0.5 mL/min/g liver (pressure, 10 mm Hg) and the hepatic artery flow rate was 0.2 mL/min/g liver (pressure, 30 mm Hg). Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in pigs comparing Group 1 (n = 4) procured after acute hemorrhagic shock preserved by MP, Group 2 (n = 3) procured after warm ischemia time (WIT) of 30 minutes with CS preservation, and Group 3 (n = 4) procured with 30 minutes of WIT and MP preservation. Results Collected effluent aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the perfusion solution and serum AST and LDH were significantly lower in Group 1. AST and LDH results were lower in Group 3 than Group 2. Survival rates in Groups 1 and 3 were 3/4, but 0/3 in Group 2. Conclusion MP preservation was a useful promising preservation mode for DCD liver grafts.
subsp.
, the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonids, is an issue especially because many isolates of this bacterium display antibiotic resistances, which limit treatments against the disease. ...Recent results suggested the possible existence of alternative forms of pAsa4, a large plasmid found in
subsp.
and bearing multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The present study reveals the existence of two newly detected pAsa4 variants, pAsa4b and pAsa4c. We present the extensive characterization of the genomic architecture, the mobile genetic elements and the antimicrobial resistance genes of these plasmids in addition to the reference pAsa4 from the strain A449. The analysis showed differences between the three architectures with consequences on the content of resistance genes. The genomic plasticity of the three pAsa4 variants could be partially explained by the action of mobile genetic elements like insertion sequences. Eight additional isolates from Canada and Europe that bore similar antibiotic resistance patterns as pAsa4-bearing strains were genotyped and specific pAsa4 variants could be attributed to phenotypic profiles. pAsa4 and pAsa4c were found in Europe, while pAsa4b was found in Canada. In accordance with their content in conjugative transfer genes, only pAsa4b and pAsa4c can be transferred by conjugation in
. The plasticity of pAsa4 variants related to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance indicates that these plasmids may pose a threat in terms of the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant
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bacteria.
Highlights ► LORETA revealed significant hypoactivities at the orbitofrontal and medial temporal lobe, cingulate, and insula in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients. ► Many factors are involved ...in the cognitive dysfunction of DM1, including CNS pathology as well as respiratory disturbance and muscular weakness that interfere with performance of psychological tests or event-related potentials. ► CTG expansion in lymphocytes of DM1 patients does not directly contribute to cognitive dysfunction.
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