Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a critical coenzyme for all living cells. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) functions as a key enzyme in the salvage pathway of NAD ...biosynthesis. Cancer cells have higher rate of NAD consumption and therefore NAMPT is essential for their survival. Thus, we investigated the effect of NAMPT inhibition by miR-206 on breast cancer cell survival. Breast cancer cells were transfected with miR-206 mimic, inhibitor and their negative controls. NAMPT levels were assessed by real-time PCR as well as western blotting. Cell survival assay and quantification of NAD level were performed by using colorimetric methods. Apoptosis assay was performed by labeling cells with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide followed by the flow cytometric analysis. Bioinformatics analysis was done to assess whether NAMPT 3′-UTR is a direct target of miR-206 and the results were confirmed by the luciferase reporter assay. NAMPT 3′-UTR was shown to be a direct target of miR-206. miR-206 reduced NAMPT expression at the protein level, leading to a significant decrease in the intracellular NAD level and subsequent decline in cell survival and induction of apoptosis. Targeting of NAMPT-mediated NAD salvage pathway by miR-206 might provide a new insight in the possible molecular mechanism of breast cancer cell growth regulation. This pathway might provide a new approach for breast cancer therapy.
•Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key enzyme in the salvage pathway of the NAD biosynthesis.•NAMPT is an essential factor for the cancer cell survival.•MiR-206 regulates the intracellular NAD level and subsequently decreases cell survival of breast cancer cells.
Despite newer therapeutic approaches against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the severely poor prognosis and treatment resistance are still disadvantages that slow down the patient's recovery process. ...Consistent with the need to develop more effective and optimized therapies to control GBM cell growth, the effects of a new series of tetrahydrobenzo(g)imidazoα-1,2quinolone derivatives on GBM cell growth and the underlying mechanism is investigated in the current study.
U-87MG cell line, glioblastoma multiforme and normal skin fibroblast cell line, AGO1522 were used to study the anticancer effects of 5 derivatives of tetrahydrobenzo(g)imidazoα-1,2quinolone and paclitaxel as a standard drug. The cytotoxic effect on cell growth was assessed using the MTT assay. Annexin V FITC staining and PI staining were applied to detect apoptosis and cell cycle distribution using flow cytometry. The extent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was assessed using the fluorescent probe 7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and caspase-3 activity using the colorimetric assay kit.
Among the 5 derivatives of tetrahydrobenzo(g)imidazoα-1,2quinolone, the 5c derivative (5-(6-bromo-2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)-9a-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-4-Nitro-2,3,5,5a,7,8,9,9a-octahydroimidazoα-1,2quinoline-6(1H)) showed the strongest cytotoxic effect on U-87MG cells in a time and Dose-dependent manner compared to the other derivatives and paclitaxel. The IC50 (11.91 M) of the 5c derivative induced apoptosis accompanied by a significant increase in sub-G1 and super-G2 phases of U-87MG cells. The increased level of cellular ROS and caspase 3 activity after treatment of U-87MG cells with 5c derivative was significant compared to untreated cells.
Our data provide insights into the potent anticancer effects of the 5c-derivative of tetrahydrobenzo(g)imidazoα-1,2quinolone on GBM cells via the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, which may merit further attention.
Sodium butyrate (NaBu) is a short-chain fatty acid which serves as a histon deacetylase inhibitor and has received considerable interest as a possible regulator of cancer cell death. The regulatory ...effect of NaBu on cancer cell growth or death has yet to be illustrated in many cancers including breast cancer. This study is aimed to elucidate the possible effect of NaBu on regulation of breast cancer growth and apoptosis.
The cytotoxic effect of NaBu on the growth of breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468) and normal breast cells (MCF-10A) was determined using MTT assay. Annexin-V-FITC staining and PI staining were performed to detect apoptosis and cell cycle distribution using Flow cytometry, the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), Reactive oxygen species (ROS)formation and caspase activity were determined accordingly.
Based on our data, NaBu induced a dose and time-dependent cell toxicity in breast cancer cells which was related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The impact of NaBu on MCF-10A cell toxicity, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was inconsiderable. NaBu-elicited apoptosis was accompanied by the elevated level of ROS, increased caspase activity and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells and with no effect on the above mentioned factors in MCF-10A cells.
Our study provided insight in to the role of NaBu on the regulation of breast cancer cell growth and lighten up the pro-apoptotic activity of NaBu.
Breast cancer imposes a considerable amount of cancer-related mortality and morbidity among women worldwide. Many efforts are in progress to reduce the disease burden and amongst the bacterial-based ...products received considerable attention as potential anti-cancer drugs. In the present study, the effect of recombinant pro-inflammatory outer membrane protein (HopH) of Helicobacter pylori on the angiogenic factor and tumor development in metastatic breast cancer model was evaluated. The HopH gene was cloned into Pet28a vector, induced by IPTG and expressed and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The expressed protein was confirmed by SDS-page. The breast cancer tumor induction was performed using Breast cancer cell line (4T1). The mice were divided into different groups and underwent treatment by recombinant HopH and Herceptin, subsequently. The treatment effectiveness on tumor size was followed, and the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor was evaluation by real time PCR. The SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the expression of HopH protein with an approximate 34KD weight. Based on our results, the expression level of VEGF was significantly reduced in HopH-treated mice group comparing to the control and Herceptin group. Our results have shown that the recombinant HopH protein can effectively reduce VEGF expression in breast cancer tumor which was associated with reduction of tumor size. The HopH protein can be considered as a potential anti-cancer agent for future cancer therapeutic studies.
Cancer, as a mysterious and complex disease, has a multi-stage molecular process that uses the cellular molecular machine and multiple signaling pathways to its advantage. Cannabinoids, as ...terpenophenolic compounds and their derivatives, showed influences on immune system responses, inflammation, and cell growth that have sparked a growing interest in exploring their effects on cancer cell fate, as well. A large body of evidence in experimental models indicating the involvement of cannabinoids and their related receptors in cancer cell growth, development, and fate. In accordance, the present study provided insights regarding the strengths and limits of cannabinoids and their receptors in critical steps of tumorigenesis and its underlying molecular pathways such as; cancer cell proliferation, type of cell death pathway, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and, immune system response. Based on the results of the present study and due to the contribution of cannabinoids in various cancer cell growth control processes, these compounds cancer can be considered worthwhile in finding new alternatives for cancer therapy.
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•Cannabinoids execute critical roles in multiple steps of tumorigenesis.•Cannabinoids trigger apoptosis, autophagy and mitophagy in cancer cells.•Cannabinoids attenuate angiogenesis; thus regulate tumor invasion.•Cannabinoids and their receptors can be effective therapeutic targets in cancer pathogenesis.
Abstract
Purpose
The quantifiable description of PPARγ expression pattern beside mechanistic in-vitro evidence will provide insights into the involvement of this mediator in tumor pathogenesis. This ...study is focused on illuminating the PPARγ gene and protein expression pattern, its association with tumor deterioration and its diagnostic value in different types of primary bone tumors.
Methods
The expression pattern of PPARγ was investigated in the 180 bone tissues including 90 bone tumor tissues and 90 non-cancerous bone tissues. The local PPARγ expression level was assessed using real-time qRT-PCR and the PPARγ protein expression pattern was measured using immunohistochemistry. The correlation of PPARγ expression level with patients’ clinic-pathological features, also the value of the variables in predicting PPARγ expression level in tumors and the value of PPARγ to discriminate tumor subtypes were assessed.
Results
The mean PPARγ mRNA expression was significantly higher in bone tumors compared to healthy bone tissues, also the malignant tumors including osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma had the elevated level of PPARγ mRNA compared to GCT tumors. Consistently, the protein expression of PPARγ in the tumor site was significantly higher in the bone tumors and malignant tumors compared to non-cancerous and benign tumors, respectively. The PPARγ protein could predict malignant tumor features including tumor grade, metastasis and recurrence significantly. Moreover, PPARγ could potentially discriminate the patients from the controls also malignant tumors from benign tumors with significant sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusions
PPARγ might be involved in primary bone tumor pathogenesis and determining its molecular mechanism regarding bone cancer pathogenesis is of grave importance.
The expression pattern, diagnostic value, and association of PD-L1, IFN-γ and TGF-β with bone tumor type, severity, and relapse are determined in this study. 300 human samples from patients with ...osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and GCT were enrolled. The PD-L1 gene and protein expression were assessed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. ELISA and flow cytometry was used to detect cytokines and CD4/CD8 T cell percentages, respectively. A considerable increase in PD-L1 level was detected in bone tumor tissues at both gene and protein levels that was considerable in osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. A positive correlation was detected regarding the PD-L1 and tumor metastasis and recurrence in osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. The increased IFN-γ level was detected in patients with metastatic, and recurrent osteosarcoma tumors that were in accordance with the level of TGF-β in these samples. The simultaneous elevation of IFN-γ and TGF-β was detected in Ewing sarcoma and GCT, also the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio was decreased significantly in patients with osteosarcoma compared to GCT tumors. The elevated levels of PD-L1, TGF- β, and IFN-γ were associated with bone tumor severity that can provide insights into the possible role of this axis in promoting immune system escape, suppression, and tumor invasion.
The expression pattern of the opioid receptor (MOR) in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) and the possible effect of morphine and naloxone on GH3 cell growth and apoptosis were evaluated.
The ...114 pituitary tissues including non-functioning, GH-producing and ACTH-producing PitNET and healthy cadaver pituitary tissues were included. The expression level of the MOR gene and protein was assessed using real-time PCR and Western blot. The association with patient demographic characteristics was assessed. Morphine and naloxone were applied to assess their possible pharmacological role in GH3 pituitary adenoma cell death. The cytotoxic effect, the apoptosis rate, the cell cycle distribution, the content of reactive oxygen species and the caspase 3 activity were measured.
MOR gene levels increased significantly in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) compared to the healthy pituitary samples. The increased level of MOR gene expression was prominent in invasive functional and non-functional pituitary tumors. A consistent expression pattern was demonstrated for MOR protein levels in PitNET samples. A dose- and time-dependent reduction in the rate of GH3 pituitary cells was observed after morphine treatment with an IC50 of 483 µM after 24 h of incubation. Morphine induced early apoptosis, accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase, increase in cellular ROS levels and caspase-3 activity. The observed effects of morphine were reversed after MOR blockade using 10 and 25 µM naloxone.
The possible contributing role of the MOR in pituitary tumor cell growth and the putative pharmaceutical effect of morphine in pituitary neuroendocrine tumor cell death (PitNET) is illustrated
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