Electron-positron plasmas appear in the early Universe and many cosmic environments. In this paper, a (3+1)-dimensional modified Korteweg-de Vries-Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation in an electron-positron ...plasma is studied. Based on the truncated Painlevé expansion, auto-Bäcklund transformations are derived. Via the Hirota method, bilinear forms are derived. Based on the bilinear forms, multiple-soliton solutions are obtained. Via the two- and four-soliton solutions under the complex conjugated transformations, one- and two-quasi-soliton solutions are derived. Via the three-soliton solutions under the complex conjugated transformations, we obtain hybrid solutions composed of a soliton and a quasi-soliton wave. Via the asymptotic analysis, we derive that the interactions between these solitons are elastic.
Investigations into the nonlinear phenomena in fluid mechanics are of interest. In this paper, we study an extended (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in fluid mechanics. A bilinear ...form of that equation is obtained via the Hirota method. With the aid of that bilinear form,
N
-soliton solutions are constructed, based on which the
M
th-order breather and
H
th-order lump solutions are determined through the complex conjugated transformations and long-wave limit method, respectively, where
N
,
M
and
H
are the integers. Furthermore, we derive the hybrid solutions composed of the first-order breather and one soliton, first-order lump and one soliton, and first-order lump and first-order breather. Via the aforementioned solutions, we present the (1) elastic interactions between the two solitons/breathers/lumps, (2) elastic interaction among the three solitons, (3) one lump/breather, (4) elastic interaction between the one breather and one soliton, (5) elastic interaction between the one lump and one soliton, and (6) elastic interaction between the one lump and one breather.
This paper is concerned with the time fractional Sharma–Tasso–Olver (FSTO) equation, Lie point symmetries of the FSTO equation with the Riemann–Liouville derivatives are considered. By using the Lie ...group analysis method, the invariance properties of the FSTO equation are investigated. In the sense of point symmetry, the vector fields of the FSTO equation are presented. And then, the symmetry reductions are provided. By making use of the obtained Lie point symmetries, it is shown that this equation can transform into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation of fractional order with the new independent variable
ξ
=
xt
−
α
/3
. The derivative is an Erdélyi–Kober derivative depending on a parameter
α
. At last, by means of the sub-equation method, some exact and explicit solutions to the FSTO equation are given.
During liver fibrogenesis, the reciprocal crosstalk among capillarized liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and dysfunctional hepatocytes constructs a ...self‐amplifying vicious cycle, greatly exacerbating the disease condition and weakening therapeutic effect. Limited by the malignant cellular interactions, the previous single‐cell centric treatment approaches show unsatisfactory efficacy and fail to meet clinical demand. Herein, a vicious cycle‐breaking strategy is proposed to target and repair pathological cells separately to terminate the malignant progression of liver fibrosis. Chondroitin sulfate‐modified and vismodegib‐loaded nanoparticles (CS‐NPs/VDG) are designed to efficiently normalize the fenestrae phenotype of LSECs and restore HSCs to quiescent state by inhibiting Hedgehog signaling pathway. In addition, glycyrrhetinic acid‐modified and silybin‐loaded nanoparticles (GA‐NPs/SIB) are prepared to restore hepatocytes function by relieving oxidative stress. The results show successful interruption of vicious cycle as well as distinct fibrosis resolution in two animal models through multiregulation of the pathological cells. This work not only highlights the significance of modulating cellular crosstalk but also provides a promising avenue for developing antifibrotic regimens.
The manuscript prompts a vicious cycle breaking therapy to terminate the endless malignant interplay among various pathological hepatic cells in liver fibrosis. Far beyond single cell‐centric approaches, the precise regulation of cellular crosstalk of “hepatic stellate cells‐liver sinusoidal endothelial cells‐hepatocytes” shows synergetic effect in two animal models and reverses the vicious cycle back to the virtuous loop.
•Propose a methodology for measuring of regional synergistic emission reduction.•Regional synergistic emission reduction networks have a multilevel nested structure.•Explained the ...evolution characteristics of regional synergistic emission reduction.•Identified driving factors of regional synergistic emission reduction networks.
Synergistic regional emission reduction (SRER) is an important part of the strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. In this paper, a system efficiency value-added model is proposed to measure the strength of SRER network relationships for 40,186 sets of city pairs and the SRER levels of 284 cities in China from 2011 to 2021. Subsequently, the evolution characteristics of the SRER network, the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban SRER levels, and the driving factors of the SRER network evolution are further analyzed. The results are as follows: SRER network is shifting from a fan-shaped network pattern of “three-region clustering and sporadic coverage” to a shuttle-shaped nested network pattern of “east-west linkage and multi-region support”. Time series analysis found that urban SRER level in China showed fluctuating growth characteristics during the study period. Spatial analysis reveals that the spatial autocorrelation of urban SRER level is decreasing, and the spatial distribution range is expanding towards the southwest. Emission reduction comparative advantages (CAER), green innovation division of labor (GIDL) and urban economic linkages (LCEL) are driver factors of SRER network evolution. This study proposes an evaluation method for the urban SRER level from network relationships perspective. Subsequently, network evolution characterization, spatial and temporal characterization, and driving factor analysis were conducted. The results of the study provide important theoretical guidance and inspiration for grasping the current status and enhancement paths of China's urban SRER level.
Metal‐composite hybrid thin‐walled tube has been widely studied due to its excellent lightweight characteristics and crashworthiness. In particular, there are few reports on the research and design ...of induced metal‐composite thin‐walled tubes under axial impact. Therefore, the crashworthiness of different induced Al‐CFRP tubes was studied in this article by combining experimental and numerical simulation subjected to axial impact. The experimental results showed that the reasonable induced design is helpful to improve the crashworthiness of Al‐CFRP hybrid tubes. Based upon the experimental tests and numerical modeling, the crashworthiness of the induced Al/CFRP tube was explored. Thereafter, the influence of structural parameters (CFRP fiber winding Angle, ratio of aluminum tube thickness to CFRP tube thickness) on the crashworthiness of induced Al‐CFRP tube was investigated numerally, and the structural parameters were optimized by multi‐objective design to obtain the optimal structural design parameters. And then the parametric study was carried out for exploring the effects of the hole diameter and hole number on the crushing behaviors of Al‐CFRP hybrid tubes. Finally, a new multi‐row induced structure was proposed. All multi‐row induced configurations were evaluated by Complex Proportional Assessment Method (COPRAS), and the best induced configuration (C20 tube) was determined. Compared with the single‐row induced structure with the best crashworthiness, the SEA, Fmean, and CFE of the C20 tube increased by 4.41%, 5.24%, and 10.94%, respectively, and the Fmax of the C20 tube decreased by 6.59%.
The crashworthiness of induced Al‐CFRP thin‐walled tubes under axial impact was studied and designed. The work in this article can provide guidance for the design of induced energy absorber under impact loading.
Controlling chemical reactions in porous heterogeneous catalysts is a tremendous challenge because of the difficulty in producing uniform active sites that can be tuned with precision. However, ...analogous to enzymes, when a catalytic pocket provides complementary close contacts and favorable intermolecular interactions with the reaction participants, the reaction efficiency and selectivity may be tuned. Here, we report an isoreticular family of catalysts based on the multicomponent metal–organic framework MUF-77. The microenvironment around the site of catalysis was successfully programmed by introducing functional groups (modulators) to the organic linkers at sites remote from the catalytic unit. The framework catalysts produced in this way exhibit several unique features, including the simultaneous enhancement of both reactivity and stereochemical selectivity in aldol reactions, the ability to catalyze Henry reactions that cannot be accomplished by homogeneous analogs, and discrimination between different reaction pathways (Henry versus aldol) that compete for a common substrate.
To enable a natural and fluent human robot collaboration flow, it is critical for a robot to comprehend their human peers’ on-going actions, predict their behaviors in the near future, and plan its ...actions correspondingly. Specifically, the capability of making early predictions is important, so that the robot can foresee the precise timing of a turn-taking event and start motion planning and execution early enough to smooth the turn-taking transition. Such proactive behavior would reduce human’s waiting time, increase efficiency and enhance naturalness in collaborative task. To that end, this paper presents the design and implementation of an early turn-taking prediction algorithm, catered for physical human robot collaboration scenarios. Specifically, a robotic scrub nurse system which can comprehend surgeon’s multimodal communication cues and perform turn-taking prediction is presented. The developed algorithm was tested on a collected data set of simulated surgical procedures in a surgeon–nurse tandem. The proposed turn-taking prediction algorithm is found to be significantly superior to its algorithmic counterparts, and is more accurate than human baseline when little partial input is given (less than 30% of full action). After observing more information, the algorithm can achieve comparable performances as humans with a
F1 score
of 0.90.
Hypoxia is the trickiest barrier for oncotherapy, which can cause the resistance of various tumor treatments, even promote cancer progression and metastasis, especially in the treatment of ...photodynamic therapy (PDT). Therefore, alleviating tumor hypoxia would be a favorable modality to improve PDT treatment. In this study, we designed an innovative biological oxygen-evolving material, autotrophic light-triggered green affording‑oxygen engine (ALGAE), which could perform an on-off switchable and inexhaustible oxygen generation triggered by the same irradiation of PDT with good biocompatibility and degradability. And the hypoxia-resistant PDT induced by ALGAE could successfully eradicate tumors and avoid tumor metastasis. The ALGAE system could be standby in a long period for efficient oxygen-affording around tumors, which not only dramatically alleviated tumor hypoxia but also achieved a high-efficiency and repetitive PDT treatments. Furthermore, the innovative biological oxygen-affording engine described in the study presents a new class of oxygen-generating material for hypoxia-resistant cancer therapy.
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•A new oxygen-affording material (ALGAE) was designed for hypoxia-resistant PDT.•ALGAE could be standby in a long period for efficient oxygen-affording around tumors.•An on-off switchable and inexhaustible oxygen generation could be performed by ALGAE during PDT.•ALGAE could alleviate tumor hypoxia and achieve efficient and repetitive PDT treatments.•The hypoxia-resistant PDT generated by ALGAE could eradicate tumors and avoid tumor metastasis.
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