We theoretically demonstrate for the first time that a single free electron in circular or spiral motion emits twisted photons carrying well-defined orbital angular momentum along the axis of the ...electron circulation, in adding to spin angular momentum. We show that, when the electron velocity is relativistic, the radiation field contains harmonic components and the photons of lth harmonic carry lℏ total angular momentum for each. This work indicates that twisted photons are naturally emitted by free electrons and are more ubiquitous in laboratories and in nature than ever thought.
Ammonia is one of the most hazardous substance and highly toxic to human health when inhaled above the moderate level. Sensing ammonia is one most challenging task at low temperature level and room ...temperature. ZnO and Al-doped ZnO nanostructures were successfully synthesized by sol–gel method, and their structural, optical, morphological, and gas sensing properties were investigated. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that the ZnO nanorods transformed into particles upon incorporation of Al. Transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed that both the ZnO nanorods and Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles were crystalline. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of Zn–O and Al–O in the nanostructures. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the presence of Al in the Al-doped ZnO materials. The ammonia gas sensing analysis revealed that the Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles displayed a higher response than the ZnO nanorods. Moreover, among the doped samples, that containing 6 wt% Al dopant exhibited the highest response of 350 when exposed to 100 ppm ammonia gas. The higher sensing efficiency of the Al-doped ZnO nanostructures was attributed to changes in structural defects in Al-doped ZnO, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.
•ZnO nanorods and AZO nanoparticle were synthesized.•AZO nanoparticle had wider optical absorption region than ZnO nanorods.•Sensing response of ammonia was enhanced by the incorporation of Al.•Al-doped ZnO (6%) showed maximum response of 350 for 100 ppm at room temperature.
MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that influence gene regulatory networks by post-transcriptional regulation of specific messenger RNA targets. MicroRNA expression is dysregulated in human ...malignancies, frequently leading to loss of expression of certain microRNAs. We report that expression of hsa-miR-342, a microRNA encoded in an intron of the gene EVL, is commonly suppressed in human colorectal cancer. The expression of hsa-miR-342 is coordinated with that of EVL and our results indicate that the mechanism of silencing is CpG island methylation upstream of EVL. We found methylation at the EVL/hsa-miR-342 locus in 86% of colorectal adenocarcinomas and in 67% of adenomas, indicating that it is an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis. In addition, we observed a higher frequency of methylation (56%) in histologically normal colorectal mucosa from individuals with concurrent cancer compared to mucosa from individuals without colorectal cancer (12%), suggesting the existence of a 'field defect' involving methylated EVL/hsa-miR-342. Furthermore, reconstitution of hsa-miR-342 in the colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 induced apoptosis, suggesting that this microRNA could function as a proapoptotic tumor suppressor. In aggregate, these results support a novel mechanism for silencing intronic microRNAs in cancer by epigenetic alterations of cognate host genes.
Objective
Recent epidemiologic studies worldwide have documented a rise in prevalence rates for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Broadening of diagnostic criteria for ASD may be a major contributor ...to the rise in prevalence, particularly if superimposed on an underlying continuous distribution of autistic traits. This study sought to determine the nature of the population distribution of autistic traits using a quantitative trait measure in a large national population sample of children.
Method
The Japanese version of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) was completed by parents on a nationally representative sample of 22 529 children, age 6–15.
Results
Social Responsiveness Scale scores exhibited a skewed normal distribution in the Japanese population with a single‐factor structure and no significant relation to IQ within the normal intellectual range. There was no evidence of a natural ‘cutoff’ that would differentiate populations of categorically affected children from unaffected children.
Conclusion
This study provides evidence of the continuous nature of autistic symptoms measured by the SRS, a validated quantitative trait measure. The findings reveal how paradigms for diagnosis that rest on arbitrarily imposed categorical cutoffs can result in substantial variation in prevalence estimation, especially when measurements used for case assignment are not standardized for a given population.
IgG4-related disease is characterized by histologic fibrosis with IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration. Our study evaluated MR imaging features of IgG4-related disease in the head and neck and ...brain. Images from 15 patients were retrospectively evaluated for the location, signal intensity, and enhancement patterns of lesions. Lacrimal gland enlargement was observed in 8 cases. Other lesions included orbital pseudotumor in 5, pituitary enlargement in 5, and cranial nerve enlargement in 7; the infraorbital nerve was involved in 4. All lesions were hypointense on T2-weighted images, which is typical for IgG4-related lesions. Multiple sites were involved in the head and neck and brain in 11 patients. The diagnosis of IgG4-related disease should be considered in a patient presenting with T2 hypointense lacrimal gland, pituitary, or cranial nerve enlargement, or a T2 hypointense orbital mass, especially if multiple sites in the head and neck are involved in the presence of elevated serum IgG4.
This article provides an overview of phase-contrast and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse MR imaging techniques to assess CSF movement in the CNS under normal and pathophysiologic situations. ...Phase-contrast can quantitatively measure stroke volume in selected regions, notably the aqueduct of Sylvius, synchronized to the heartbeat. Judicious fine-tuning of the technique is needed to achieve maximal temporal resolution, and it has limited visualization of CSF motion in many CNS regions. Phase-contrast is frequently used to evaluate those patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus and a Chiari I malformation. Correlation with successful treatment outcome has been problematic. Time-spatial labeling inversion pulse, with a high signal-to-noise ratio, assesses linear and turbulent motion of CSF anywhere in the CNS. Time-spatial labeling inversion pulse can qualitatively visualize whether CSF flows between 2 compartments and determine whether there is flow through the aqueduct of Sylvius or a new surgically created stoma. Cine images reveal CSF linear and turbulent flow patterns.
We examined the sequence variation of mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b gene of the house mouse (Mus musculus sensu lato) drawn from ca. 200 localities, with 286 new samples drawn ...primarily from previously unsampled portions of their Eurasian distribution and with the objective of further clarifying evolutionary episodes of this species before and after the onset of human-mediated long-distance dispersals. Phylogenetic analysis of the expanded data detected five equally distinct clades, with geographic ranges of northern Eurasia (musculus, MUS), India and Southeast Asia (castaneus, CAS), Nepal (unspecified, NEP), western Europe (domesticus, DOM) and Yemen (gentilulus). Our results confirm previous suggestions of Southwestern Asia as the likely place of origin of M. musculus and the region of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India, specifically as the ancestral homeland of CAS. The divergence of the subspecies lineages and of internal sublineage differentiation within CAS were estimated to be 0.37-0.47 and 0.14-0.23 million years ago (mya), respectively, assuming a split of M. musculus and Mus spretus at 1.7 mya. Of the four CAS sublineages detected, only one extends to eastern parts of India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Philippines, South China, Northeast China, Primorye, Sakhalin and Japan, implying a dramatic range expansion of CAS out of its homeland during an evolutionary short time, perhaps associated with the spread of agricultural practices. Multiple and non-coincident eastward dispersal events of MUS sublineages to distant geographic areas, such as northern China, Russia and Korea, are inferred, with the possibility of several different routes.
► Combination of deformation modes is effective for the enhancement of uniform elongation. ► The alloys deformed by slip and twinning can be designed with the Mo equivalency. ► The deformation is ...heterogeneous among the grains and the twins are not seen in some of the grains. ► The segregation of alloying elements affects the heterogeneous deformation.
A combination of different deformation modes, namely, dislocation slip and {3
3
2}〈1
1
3〉 twinning was found to be effective for achieving high yield strength and large uniform elongation in the β type Ti–15Mo–5Zr and Ti–10Mo–2Fe alloys in the as-solution treated condition, where the Mo equivalency was designed to be between 15.3 and 18.7
mass%. The high yield strength was caused mainly by the slip, and the large uniform elongation was caused by the twinning through significant work hardening. The change in the work hardening rate with strain correlated well with the formation of mechanical twins. The deformation was heterogeneous among the grains and the twins were not seen in some of the grains even after the tensile fracture. This heterogeneity was discussed based on the effects of the grain orientation and the segregation of alloying elements.
Cancer arises as the consequence of mutations and epigenetic alterations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Through a genome-wide screen for methylated genes in colon ...neoplasms, we identified aberrantly methylated RET in colorectal cancer. RET, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase and a receptor for the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands, was one of the first oncogenes to be identified, and has been shown to be an oncogene in thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma. However, unexpectedly, we found RET is methylated in 27% of colon adenomas and in 63% of colorectal cancers, and now provide evidence that RET has tumor suppressor activity in colon cancer. The aberrant methylation of RET correlates with decreased RET expression, whereas the restoration of RET in colorectal cancer cell lines results in apoptosis. Furthermore, in support of a tumor suppressor function of RET, mutant RET has also been found in primary colorectal cancer. We now show that these mutations inactivate RET, which is consistent with RET being a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. These findings suggest that the aberrant methylation of RET and the mutational inactivation of RET promote colorectal cancer formation, and that RET can serve as a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. Moreover, the increased frequency of methylated RET in colon cancers compared with adenomas suggests RET inactivation is involved in the progression of colon adenomas to cancer.
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