Nanotechnology has played a prominent role in biomedical engineering, offering innovative approaches to numerous treatments. Notable advances have been observed in the development of medical devices, ...contributing to the advancement of modern medicine. This article briefly discusses key applications of nanotechnology in tissue engineering, controlled drug release systems, biosensors and monitoring, and imaging and diagnosis. The particular emphasis on this theme will result in a better understanding, selection, and technical approach to nanomaterials for biomedical purposes, including biological risks, security, and biocompatibility criteria.
Trypsin inhibitors are studied in a variety of models for their anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory bioactive properties. Our group has previously demonstrated the satietogenic effect of tamarind seed ...trypsin inhibitors (TTI) in eutrophic mouse models and anti-inflammatory effects of other trypsin inhibitors. In this study, we evaluated TTI effect upon satiety, biochemical and inflammatory parameters in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Three groups of
= 5 male
rats with obesity-based MetS received for 10 days one of the following: (1) Cafeteria diet; (2) Cafeteria diet + TTI (25 mg/kg); and (3) Standard diet. TTI reduced food intake in animals with MetS. Nevertheless, weight gain was not different between studied groups. Dyslipidemia parameters were not different with the use of TTI, only the group receiving standard diet showed lower very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides (TG) (Kruskal-Wallis,
< 0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production did not differ between groups. Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was lower in animals receiving TTI. Our results corroborate the satietogenic effect of TTI in a MetS model. Furthermore, we showed that TTI added to a cafeteria diet may decrease inflammation regardless of weight loss. This puts TTI as a candidate for studies to test its effectiveness as an adjuvant in MetS treatment.
Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) is a life-threatening condition. OSA may be a modifiable risk factor for ACPE recurrence. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of OSA on the ...incidence of cardiovascular events following ACPE recovery.
Consecutive patients with confirmed ACPE from 3 centers underwent a sleep study following clinical stabilization. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 events/h. The mean follow-up was 1 year, and the primary outcome was ACPE recurrence.
A total of 104 patients were included in the final analysis; 61% of the patients had OSA. A higher rate of ACPE recurrence (25 vs 6 episodes; P = .01) and a higher incidence of myocardial infarction (15 vs 0 episodes; P = .0004) were observed in patients with OSA than in those without OSA. All 17 deaths occurred in the OSA group (P = .0001). In a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, OSA was independently associated with ACPE recurrence (hazard ratio HR, 3.3 95% CI, 1.2-8.8; P = .01), incidence of myocardial infarction (HR, 2.3 95% CI, 1.1-9.5; P = .02), cardiovascular death (HR, 5.4 95% CI, 1.4-48.4; P = .004), and total death (HR, 6.5 95% CI, 1.2-64.0; P = .005). When the analysis was limited only to patients with OSA, levels of AHI and hypoxemic burden and rates of sleep-onset ACPE were significantly higher in those who presented with ACPE recurrence or who died than in those who did not experience these events.
OSA is independently associated with higher rates of ACPE recurrence and both fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events.
HIV-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the oral cavity are rare lesions with aggressive clinical behaviour. The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological features of a series of ...HIV-related oral non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Eleven cases of oral lymphomas affecting HIV-positive patients were retrieved from 2012 to 2019. Clinicopathological features regarding age, sex, tumour location, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, disease stage and follow-up were obtained. Histologic, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization for EBV detection were done for diagnosis confirmation. Overall survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier curve.
Males predominated, with a mean age of 40.3 years-old. Maxilla and mandible were the mostly affected. Plasmablastic lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (NOS) were the main histological types. Lesions presented as reddish ulcerated swellings, representing the first sign of AIDS in six cases. Stage IV were common (7 cases) and the mean HIV viral load was 10,557 copies/mL, with a mean of 266 CD4+ cells/mm3, 1,278 CD8+ cells/mm3 and a CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 0.26. Eight patients died of the disease (72.7%). Overall survival revealed that 78.2% of the patients died after 21 months of follow-up.
HIV-related oral lymphomas present a poor prognosis usually diagnosed in advanced stages and in our series plasmablastic lymphoma was the most common subtype.
Ingestion of peanuts may have a beneficial effect on weight control, possibly due to the satietogenic action of trypsin inhibitors. The aim of this study was to isolate a new trypsin inhibitor in a ...typical Brazilian peanut sweet (paçoca) and evaluate its effect in biochemical parameters, weight gain and food intake in male Wistar rats. The trypsin inhibitor in peanut paçoca (AHTI) was isolated. Experimental diets were prepared with AIN-93G supplemented with AHTI. Animals had their weight and food intake monitored. Animals were anesthetized, euthanized, and their bloods collected by cardiac puncture for dosage of cholecystokinin (CCK) and other biochemical parameters. Supplementation with AHTI significantly decreased fasting glucose, body weight gain, and food intake. These effects may be attributed to increased satiety, once supplemented animals showed no evidence of impaired nutritional status and also because AHTI increased CCK production. Thus, our results indicate that AHTI, besides reducing fasting glucose, can reduce weight gain via food intake reduction.
Introduction: Obesity has emerged as one of the main public health problems. This condition triggers a series of hormonal and metabolic changes related to a low-grade chronic inflammatory condition. ...The trypsin inhibitor purified from tamarind (TTIp) seeds is a promising anti-inflammatory molecule, but its safety needs to be evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate TTIp bioactive dose effects on organs involved in its metabolism (liver and pancreas) and affected tissues (small intestine and perirenal adipose tissue) in an obesity model. Methods: Three groups of adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 5). Two of these groups had diet-induced obesity, and a third group was eutrophic. TTIp was administered by gavage in one of the obese groups for 10 days, while the remaining groups received a vehicle. The chromatographic profile and the inhibition assay corroded the purification of the inhibitor. Physical and behavioral changes, liver enzymes, and stereological and histopathological analyses of tissues were evaluated. Results: TTIp did not cause visible signs of toxicity, nor caused changes in liver enzymes, the liver, and pancreatic tissues. TTIp did not cause changes in the intestinal mucosa, showing improvement in the villi’s histopathological characteristics compared to the group of animals with obesity without treatment with TTIp (p = 0.004). The analysis of perirenal adipose tissue showed that the average sectional area of animals with obesity that received TTIp did not differ from the control. There was a difference between the high glycemic load diet group and the group treated with the inhibitor (351.8 ± 55.5) (p = 0.016). In addition, the group that received TTIp had no inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusion: Based on histological and stereological analysis, the use of TTIp is potentially safe and anti-inflammatory in the evaluated obesity model and can be investigated as a possible adjuvant in obesity therapy.
The aim of this work was to extract and characterize pectin from lyophilized noni pulp (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) at three different pHs using different extractor agents and to evaluate anti-viral ...activity. The extraction of high yield (acid extraction) was subjected to sulfation procedure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magneticresonance analysis were used to calculate the degree of methylation of pectin from acid extraction and its sulfated derivative. The data obtained for the degree of methylation of noni pectin and sulfated pectin were 30.3 and 30.7, respectively. Pectin was subjected to acute oral toxicity testing in mice. The results showed that pectin had a pro-inflammatory effect, and sulfated pectin had an anti-inflammatory effect. Both pectins were also evaluated for herpes simplex virus activity in vitro, and although they successfully inhibited virus replication, the sulfated pectins were cytotoxic.
Background
Risk‐reducing operations are an important part of the management of hereditary predisposition to cancer. In selected cases, they can considerably reduce the morbidity and mortality ...associated with cancer in this population.
Objectives
The Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology (BSSO) developed this guideline to establish national benchmarks for cancer risk‐reducing operations.
Methods
The guideline was prepared from May to December 2021 by a multidisciplinary team of experts to discuss the surgical management of cancer predisposition syndromes. Eleven questions were defined and assigned to expert groups that reviewed the literature and drafted preliminary recommendations. Following a review by the coordinators and a second review by all participants, the groups made final adjustments, classified the level of evidence, and voted on the recommendations.
Results
For all questions including risk‐reducing colectomy, gastrectomy, and thyroidectomy, a major agreement was achieved by the participants, always using accessible alternatives.
Conclusion
This and its accompanying article represent the first guideline in cancer risk reduction surgery developed by the BSSO and it should serve as an important reference for the management of families with cancer predisposition.
Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) is a life-threatening condition. OSA may be a modifiable risk factor for ACPE recurrence. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of OSA on the ...incidence of cardiovascular events following ACPE recovery.
Consecutive patients with confirmed ACPE from 3 centers underwent a sleep study following clinical stabilization. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 events/h. The mean follow-up was 1 year, and the primary outcome was ACPE recurrence.
A total of 104 patients were included in the final analysis; 61% of the patients had OSA. A higher rate of ACPE recurrence (25 vs 6 episodes; P = .01) and a higher incidence of myocardial infarction (15 vs 0 episodes; P = .0004) were observed in patients with OSA than in those without OSA. All 17 deaths occurred in the OSA group (P = .0001). In a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, OSA was independently associated with ACPE recurrence (hazard ratio HR, 3.3 95% CI, 1.2-8.8; P = .01), incidence of myocardial infarction (HR, 2.3 95% CI, 1.1-9.5; P = .02), cardiovascular death (HR, 5.4 95% CI, 1.4-48.4; P = .004), and total death (HR, 6.5 95% CI, 1.2-64.0; P = .005). When the analysis was limited only to patients with OSA, levels of AHI and hypoxemic burden and rates of sleep-onset ACPE were significantly higher in those who presented with ACPE recurrence or who died than in those who did not experience these events.
OSA is independently associated with higher rates of ACPE recurrence and both fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events.
Feeding restriction in rats alters the oscillators in suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, and arcuate nuclei, hypothalamic areas involved in food intake. In the present study, using the same animals ...and experimental protocol, we aimed to analyze if food restriction could reset clock genes (
) and genes involved in lipid metabolism (
) through nutrient-sensing pathways (
) in peripheral tissues.
Rats were grouped according to food access: Control group (CG, food
), Restricted night-fed (RF-n, food access during 2 h at night), Restricted day-fed (RF-d, food access during 2 h in the daytime), and Day-fed (DF, food access during 12 h in the daytime). After 21 days, rats were decapitated at ZT3 (0900-1000 h), ZT11 (1700-1800 h), or ZT17 (2300-2400 h). Blood, liver, brown (BAT) and peri-epididymal (PAT) adipose tissues were collected. Plasma corticosterone and gene expression were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and qPCR, respectively.
In the liver, the expression pattern of
and
shifted when food access was dissociated from rat nocturnal activity; this phenomenon was attenuated in adipose tissues. Daytime feeding also inverted the profile of energy-sensing and lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver, whereas calorie restriction induced a pre-feeding increased expression of these genes. In adipose tissues,
expression was modified by daytime feeding and calorie restriction, with concomitant expression of
and
but not
and
.
Feeding restriction reset clock genes and genes involved in lipid metabolism through nutrient-sensing-related genes in rat liver, brown, and peri-epididymal adipose tissues.
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