In this paper we report the first close, high-resolution observations of downward-directed terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) detected by the large-area Telescope Array cosmic ray observatory, ...obtained in conjunction with broadband VHF interferometer and fast electric field change measurements of the parent discharge. The results show that the TGFs occur during strong initial breakdown pulses (IBPs) in the first few milliseconds of negative cloud-to-ground and low-altitude intracloud flashes, and that the IBPs are produced by a newly-identified streamer-based discharge process called fast negative breakdown. The observations indicate the relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) responsible for producing the TGFs are initiated by embedded spark-like transient conducting events (TCEs) within the fast streamer system, and potentially also by individual fast streamers themselves. The TCEs are inferred to be the cause of impulsive sub-pulses that are characteristic features of classic IBP sferics. Additional development of the avalanches would be facilitated by the enhanced electric field ahead of the advancing front of the fast negative breakdown. In addition to showing the nature of IBPs and their enigmatic sub-pulses, the observations also provide a possible explanation for the unsolved question of how the streamer to leader transition occurs during the initial negative breakdown, namely as a result of strong currents flowing in the final stage of successive IBPs, extending backward through both the IBP itself and the negative streamer breakdown preceding the IBP.
Motivated by the detection of a significant dipole structure in the arrival directions of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays above 8 EeV reported by the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger), we search for a ...large-scale anisotropy using data collected with the surface detector array of the Telescope Array Experiment (TA). With 11 years of TA data, a dipole structure in a projection of the right ascension is fitted with an amplitude of 3.3+- 1.9% and a phase of 131 +- 33 degrees. The corresponding 99% confidence-level upper limit on the amplitude is 7.3%. At the current level of statistics, the fitted result is compatible with both an isotropic distribution and the dipole structure reported by Auger.
Evidence for a large-scale supergalactic cosmic ray multiplet (arrival directions correlated with energy) structure is reported for ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) energies above 10\(^{19}\) eV ...using seven years of data from the Telescope Array (TA) surface detector and updated to 10 years. Previous energy-position correlation studies have made assumptions regarding magnetic field shapes and strength, and UHECR composition. Here the assumption tested is that, since the supergalactic plane is a fit to the average matter density of the local Large Scale Structure (LSS), UHECR sources and intervening extragalactic magnetic fields are correlated with this plane. This supergalactic deflection hypothesis is tested by the entire field-of-view (FOV) behavior of the strength of intermediate-scale energy-angle correlations. These multiplets are measured in spherical cap section bins (wedges) of the FOV to account for coherent and random magnetic fields. The structure found is consistent with supergalactic deflection, the previously published energy spectrum anisotropy results of TA (the hotspot and coldspot), and toy-model simulations of a supergalactic magnetic sheet. The seven year data post-trial significance of this supergalactic structure of multiplets appearing by chance, on an isotropic sky, is found by Monte Carlo simulation to be 4.2\(\sigma\). The ten years of data post-trial significance is 4.1\(\sigma\). Furthermore, the starburst galaxy M82 is shown to be a possible source of the TA Hotspot, and an estimate of the supergalactic magnetic field using UHECR measurements is presented.
Ultra high energy cosmic rays provide the highest known energy source in the universe to measure proton cross sections. Though conditions for collecting such data are less controlled than an ...accelerator environment, current generation cosmic ray observatories have large enough exposures to collect significant statistics for a reliable measurement for energies above what can be attained in the lab. Cosmic ray measurements of cross section use atmospheric calorimetry to measure depth of air shower maximum (\(X_{\mathrm{max}}\)), which is related to the primary particle's energy and mass. The tail of the \(X_{\mathrm{max}}\) distribution is assumed to be dominated by showers generated by protons, allowing measurement of the inelastic proton-air cross section. In this work the proton-air inelastic cross section measurement, \(\sigma^{\mathrm{inel}}_{\mathrm{p-air}}\), using data observed by Telescope Array's Black Rock Mesa and Long Ridge fluorescence detectors and surface detector array in hybrid mode is presented. \(\sigma^{\mathrm{inel}}_{\mathrm{p-air}}\) is observed to be \(520.1 \pm 35.8\)Stat. \(^{+25.0}_{-40}\)Sys.~mb at \(\sqrt{s} = 73\) TeV. The total proton-proton cross section is subsequently inferred from Glauber formalism and is found to be \(\sigma^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{pp}} = 139.4 ^{+23.4}_{-21.3}\) Stat.\( ^{+15.0}_{-24.0}\)Sys.~mb.
Phenolphthalein is a cathartic agent widely used in non‐prescription laxatives. For the simultaneous assessment of in vitro carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of phenolphthalein, the ability of this ...chemical to induce cell transformation and genetic effects was examined using the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell model. Cell growth was reduced by treatment with phenolphthalein at 10–40 μM in a dose‐related manner. Treatment with phenolphthalein for 48 hr induced a dose‐dependent increase in morphological transformation of SHE cells. Over the dose range that resulted in cell transformation (10–40 μM), treatment of SHE cells with phenolphthalein induced gene mutations at the hprt locus but not at the Na+/K+ ATPase locus. A statistically significant level of chromosomal aberrations was elicited in SHE cells treated with phenolphthalein at the highest dose (40 μM). Meanwhile, neither numerical chromosomal changes nor DNA adduct formation, analyzed by the nuclease P1 enhancement version of 32P‐post‐labeling, were induced by treatment with phenolphthalein at any concentrations examined. We thus report cell‐transforming activity and mutagenicity of phenolphthalein assessed with the same mammalian cells in culture. Our results provide evidence that phenolphthalein has cell‐transforming and genotoxic activity in cultured mammalian cells. The mutagenic and clastogenic activities of phenolphthalein could be a causal mechanism for carcinogenicity in rodents. Int. J. Cancer 73:697–701, 1997. Published 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In the case of lacking the posterior occlusal support, decrease of peripheral neural input from periodontal ligament and occlusal vertical dimension due to loss of teeth cause shift of mandibular ...position( deviation of temporomandibular joint and increase of muscle tonus) and disharmony among masticatory muscles, perioral muscles and tongue most likely induces dysfunction of stomatognathic system. Therefore, treatment should focus on setting of mandibular position and mandibular lateral movement path. In order to restructure functional occlusion system on the patient with symptom mentioned above, the mouth volume was restored by placing a treatment denture in the upper and lower jaws, mandibular position was stabilized, and lateral movement was provided centering on canine teeth of both sides in addition to rehabilitation. As consequence of the treatment, disturbance of mastication and sleep which were the patient's chief complaint have improved, then the partial metal base denture was placed in the upper and lower jaws after six months.
The number of patients with edentulous jaw suffering from the functional disturbance along with mandible deviation due to alveolar ridge absorption (alveolar bone, gnathic bone) is increasing. Many ...of these patients tend to be loaded with a type of low (infracclusion) and tiny (lack of denture space) complete denture with irregular occlusal plane (angle and arrangement position) - (negative cycle of conformation and function) . In this regard, the instability of denture (insufficiency of retention and support), the occurrence of mandible deviation (deviation of temporomandibular joint and muscle tonus) and the disagreement of oral peripheral muscle and tongue) were observed. Thus, for patients having functional disturbance generated by the disorder of functional occlusion system related to the combination of muscle-temporomandibular joint?occlusion, we must produce complete denture after providing them with toothless jaw treatment applying treatment denture, rather than producing complete denture only with impression taking and maxillomandibular registration- (from production of complete denture to toothless jaw treatment) . The conditions that curative denture should fulfill are as follows: 1. Having retention (four types with impression+two types with curative denture's functional pressure=six types) and support (alveolar ridge load+load with circumoral muscle and tongue) (stability) ; 2. Adequate occlusal plane (taking into consideration function and harmonizing with living organism) ; 3. Denture space satisfying muscular retention and balance of occlusion (height x width=denture space) ; 4. Compatibility to mucous membrane (taking into consideration masticatory mucous membrane, ratio of overlying mucosa and characteristics) ; 5. Artificial tooth selection and arrangement attaching importance to the stability of denture and eating and swallowing functions; 6. Stabilized mandibular position. Meeting the above conditions will ensure functional improvement in the course of morphological recovery. Further improvement of function should apparently complete the conformation leading to the reconstruction of stomatognathic function- (positive cycle of conformation and function) . I would like, on this occasion, to explain the recovery of denture space applying curative denture in toothless jaw treatment.
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