Bruxism an Issue Between the Myths and Facts Cervantes-Chavarría, Andrés R.; Utsman Abarca, Robert; Herrero Babiloni, Alberto
Odovtos,
09/2022, Volume:
24, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Is our goal in this paper to discuss the current concepts about bruxism, a topic that has been a matter of discussion on the dental field for many years. Recent International efforts have been made ...to challenge bruxism old definitions; this has derivate to a consensus and an actual new concept that defines bruxism as a behavior instead of a disorder. As a behavior, it is explained in this review how it can have negative health consequences, can be innocuous and how new research support that bruxism can even be a protective factor. Different etiological factors are reviewed in this paper as well the influence of external and internal mechanism related to medications, emotional stress, systemic factors, and potential pharmacological pathways. Moreover, it is briefly summarized the role of oral appliances on sleep bruxism. Finally, clinical considerations and recommendation for the dental professional regarding sings that should be notice during the exam are part of this overview.
Empathy helps to develop an appropriate doctor–patient relationship, which, according to the literature is susceptible to decline. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to estimate the ...levels of empathy in general, and the potential for the growth of empathy in medical students.
This exploratory and cross-sectional study included students from the first to fifth academic year of the University Corporation Rafael Nunez (Cartagena, Colombia) (N=971, n=756, 77.86% of the population studied). Participants were given the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, Spanish version for medical students, validated and adapted in Colombia. A bifactorial variance analysis (model III) was used to find the mean differences between courses and genders, and the interaction between these two factors. Data was described using simple arithmetic graphs and processed with SPSS 20.0 to estimate the total potential for growth.
Differences were found between academic years and gender in empathy in general and in the component of “compassionate care”.
The levels of empathy are relatively low, and the behavior of empathy levels does not match the concept of empathy decline. There are no gender differences and there is a considerable potential for growth of empathy, as well as its components.
La empatía permite la adecuada relación médico-paciente y se plantea que es susceptible de disminuir según lo informado en la literatura. El propósito del presente estudio fue estimar los niveles de empatía en general y el potencial para el crecimiento empático en estudiantes de medicina.
Este estudio exploratorio y transversal, incluyó estudiantes desde el primero al quinto año académico de la Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena, Colombia (n=971, n=756, 77,86% de la población estudiada). Los participantes recibieron la escala de empatía de Jefferson, versión en español para estudiantes de medicina, validada y adaptada en Chile. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza bifactorial (modelo iii) para encontrar diferencias de medias entre cursos, géneros y la interacción entre estos 2 factores. Los datos se describieron usando gráficos aritméticos simples y se procesaron con SPSS® Statistics v.20.0 para estimar el potencial total de crecimiento.
Se encontraron diferencias entre los años académicos y el género en la empatía en general, y en el componente de «atención compasiva».
Los niveles de empatía son relativamente bajos, y el comportamiento de los niveles de empatía no coincide con el concepto de disminución empática. No hay diferencias de género, y la estimación del potencial de crecimiento de la empatía y la de sus componentes plantea la necesidad de un urgente cambio curricular.
Empathic decline and training in nursing students Díaz-Narváez, Víctor P.; Calzadilla-Núñez, Aracelis; López-Orellana, Paulina ...
Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P,
01/2020, Volume:
54
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this article is to examine whether the levels of empathy fit the concept of empathic decline. Method This was a non-experimental and cross-sectional study. Two ...populations of nursing students in two nursing programs were studied: Universidad San Sebastián (Santiago, Chile) and Universidad Mayor (Temuco, Chile). The original data on empathy, assessed by the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, were combined into a single data base. They were then analyzed by means of normality tests and homoscedasticity, Cronbach’s alpha, analysis of variance; the standard deviation of the dependent outcome measure (Sy.x) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were estimated. Results The sample sizes from the two programs were 479 and 277, respectively. It was found that the distributions of the averages over the course of study for empathy (and its components) were constant, and in some cases increased. Conclusion It was found that the distribution of the means of empathy in the nursing students analyzed did not conform to the classical empathic decline observed in other studies. Therefore, it is inferred that the traditional factors identified as causes of empathic erosion were not operating in the same way in the studied context.
RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do presente artigo é investigar se os níveis de empatia são consistentes com o conceito de declínio de empatia. Método Um estudo não-experimental e transversal foi conduzido com duas populações de alunos de enfermagem de dois programas de enfermagem distintos, da Universidad San Sebastián (Santiago, Chile) e da Universidad Mayor (Temuco, Chile). Os dados originais sobre empatia, avaliados pela Jefferson Scale of Empathy, e reunidos em um único banco de dados. Os dados foram então analisados através de testes de normalidade e homocedasticidade, Cronbach’s alpha e análise de variância. Foram calculados o desvio padrão da variável dependente (Sy.x) e o coeficiente de determinação (R2). Resultados As amostras dos dois programas tiveram 479 e 277 participantes, respectivamente. As distribuições das médias de empatia (e seus componentes) ao longo do curso foram constantes, com um aumento em alguns casos. Conclusão A distribuição das médias de empatia nos alunos de enfermagem estudados não foi consistente com o declínio clássico de empatia observado em outros estudos. Sendo assim, os dados indicam que os fatores tradicionais identificados como causas de erosão empática não funcionam da mesma forma no contexto avaliado.
RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo del artículo es analizar si los niveles de empatía se ajustan al concepto de declinación empática. Método Estudio no experimental y transversal. Fueron estudiadas dos poblaciones de estudiantes de enfermería de dos facultades de enfermería: Universidad San Sebastián (Santiago, Chile) y Universidad Mayor (Temuco, Chile). Los datos originales de empatía, evaluados por el Jefferson Scale of Empathy, fueron reunidos en un único grupo y analizados con pruebas de normalidad y homocedasticidad, alfa de Cronbach, análisis de varianza; también fueron estimados el desvío estándar de la medida de resultado dependiente (Sy.x) y el coeficiente de determinación (R2). Resultados Las muestras de las dos facultades constaron de 479 y 277 participantes, respectivamente. Se comprobó que las distribuciones de medias del curso de estudio para empatía (y sus componentes) fueron constantes, y en algunos casos aumentaron. Conclusión Se determinó que la distribución de medias de empatía en los estudiantes de enfermería analizados no se ajusta a la disminución empática clásica observada en otros estudios, infiriéndose que los factores tradicionales considerados como causas de la erosión empática no operan de la misma manera en el contexto estudiado.
Bruxism an issue between the myths and fact Cervantes-Chavarría, Andrés R.; Utsman-Abarca, Robert; Herrero-Babiloni, Alberto
Odovtos,
12/2022, Volume:
24, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract Is our goal in this paper to discuss the current concepts about bruxism, a topic that has been a matter of discussion on the dental field for many years. Recent International efforts have ...been made to challenge bruxism old definitions; this has derivate to a consensus and an actual new concept that defines bruxism as a behavior instead of a disorder. As a behavior, it is explained in this review how it can have negative health consequences, can be innocuous and how new research support that bruxism can even be a protective factor. Different etiological factors are reviewed in this paper as well the influence of external and internal mechanism related to medications, emotional stress, systemic factors, and potential pharmacological pathways. Moreover, it is briefly summarized the role of oral appliances on sleep bruxism. Finally, clinical considerations and recommendation for the dental professional regarding sings that should be notice during the exam are part of this overview.
Objective: To estimate the levels of empathy in students enrolled in the nursing program. Material and methods. Data Sources: The population consists of students from the first to the fifth academic ...year (Course) (N = 312, n = 253, 81.08% of the population). Selection of studies: Exploratory and cross-sectional study.Data extraction: The authors collected the information between January and February 2018. Participants answered the Jefferson Medical Scale of Empathy, the Spanish version for medical students (S version), validated and adapted for nursing students in Colombia.Results. Synthesis of the data: Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory (not typifed = 0.891 and typified = 0.886), from which it is inferred that the data has internal reliability. The inter-class correlation coefficient was 0.891; CI 0.87, 0.909 (F = 9.15, p = 0.005): confirms the good reliability. The authors observed that in empathy, this coefficient was highly signifi-cant in all three factors, with the eta-square value satisfactory and a high power observed. The significance level used was α ≤ 0.05 and β <0.20.Conclusions: The manifestation of the levels of empathy observed in this study agrees with the concept of empathic erosion, especially when analyzing empathic behavior in the male gender. The empathy levels in the students examined are relatively low, and authors conclude that there is considerable potential for growth of empathy and that of its components. Empa-thy is a complex part of academic formation that cannot be seen as an isolated variable.
Objetivo: Estimar los niveles de empatia en estudiantes matriculados en un programa de enfermería.Material y Métodos. Fuentes de datos: La población está compuesta por estudiantes del primer al ...quinto año académico (Curso) (N = 312, n = 253, 81.08% de la población). Selección de estudios: Estudio exploratorio y transversal. Extracción de datos: La información se recopiló entre enero y febrero de 2018. Los participantes respondieron la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson (S)validada y adaptada para estudiantes de enfermería en Colombia.Resultados. Síntesis de los datos: El alfa de Cronbach fue satisfactorio (no tipificado = 0,891 y tipificado = 0,886): de manera que los datos tienen fiabilidad interna. El coeficiente de correlación interclase fue de 0,891; IC 0.87, 0.909 (F = 9.15, p = 0.005): este confirma la buena confiabilidad. Se observó que, en la empatía, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue altamente significativo en los tres factores; con el valor eta-cuadrado satisfactorio y la potencia observada alta. El nivel de significación utilizado fue a < 0.05 y P <0.20.Conclusiones: La manifestación de los niveles de empatía observados en este estudio coincide con el concepto de erosión empática, especialmente cuando se analiza el comportamiento empático en el género masculino. En general, los niveles de empatía en los estudiantes examinados son relativamente bajos y se ha demostrado que existe un potencial considerable para el crecimiento de la empatía y de sus componentes. La empatía es una parte compleja de la formación académica que no puede verse como una variable aislada.
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