We tested the hypothesis that underrepresented students in active-learning classrooms experience narrower achievement gaps than underrepresented students in traditional lecturing classrooms, averaged ...across all science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and courses. We conducted a comprehensive search for both published and unpublished studies that compared the performance of underrepresented students to their overrepresented classmates in active-learning and traditional-lecturing treatments. This search resulted in data on student examination scores from 15 studies (9,238 total students) and data on student failure rates from 26 studies (44,606 total students). Bayesian regression analyses showed that on average, active learning reduced achievement gaps in examination scores by 33% and narrowed gaps in passing rates by 45%. The reported proportion of time that students spend on in-class activities was important, as only classes that implemented high-intensity active learning narrowed achievement gaps. Sensitivity analyses showed that the conclusions are robust to sampling bias and other issues. To explain the extensive variation in efficacy observed among studies, we propose the heads-and-hearts hypothesis, which holds that meaningful reductions in achievement gaps only occur when course designs combine deliberate practice with inclusive teaching. Our results support calls to replace traditional lecturing with evidence-based, active-learning course designs across the STEM disciplines and suggest that innovations in instructional strategies can increase equity in higher education.
Uno de los principales factores genéticos que influenciarían el rendimiento muscular humano es el gen ACTN3, que codifica la proteína estructural del sarcómero alfa-actinina-3. El polimorfismo R577X ...(rs1815739) del gen ACTN3 ha sido asociado con varios indicadores de rendimiento muscular y físico en deportistas y población general, pero este fenómeno ha sido escasamente descrito en poblaciones de Latinoamérica y Chile. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la frecuencia genotípica y distribución alélica de los genotipos de ACTN3 R577X en deportistas universitarios chilenos. 129 deportistas universitarios chilenos representantes de diferentes selecciones deportivas (halterofilia, balonmano, voleibol, rugby, basquetbol, futbol y futsal) participaron como voluntarios. Los análisis moleculares del polimorfismo R577X del gen ACTN3 fueron realizados mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y restricción enzimática (RFLP). La distribución de genotipos del polimorfismo ACTN3 R577X fue RR: 34,8 % (n=45), RX: 50,4 % (n=65), XX: 14,7 % (n=19), y la frecuencia relativa de alelos fue R: 0,601 y X: 0,399. Además, se encontró asociación entre distribución de genotipos (c.sup.2= 12,26; 2 gl; p=0,002) y frecuencia relativa de alelos (c.sup.2= 11.02; 1 gl; p=0.0009) con el sexo de los participantes. Sin embargo, no hubo asociación al realizar análisis por tipo de deporte practicado. Los hallazgos de la presente investigación sugieren que el polimorfismo R577X del gen ACTN3 está asociado con el sexo en deportistas universitarios chilenos. Además, estos resultados describen de forma inédita la distribución genotípica y frecuencia alélica de esta variante genética en población chilena, mostrando una distribución similar a otros estudios realizados en poblaciones de deportistas en Brasil, Rusia, Estados Unidos y Turquía. No obstante, también muestra diferencias con otras poblaciones generales y de deportistas. PALABRAS CLAVE: alfa-actinina-3 (ACTN3); Rendimiento muscular; Polimorfismo, Variante genética; Deportistas universitarios.
Pain is modulated by multiple factors. A relevant psychological process peculiar to athletes and which could be associated with pain is Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (PRRS). The analysis ...of this association in competition context is particularly important.
To determine the correlation between the PRRS and pain intensity in elite volleyball players during their participation in a continental sporting event.
A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data from 107 male volleyball players (23.50 ± 4.08 years of age) participating in the South American Volleyball Championship were used. The athletes answered a self-report questionnaire on the day the championship began regarding their history of injuries in the previous six months. The athletes who declared injuries were asked about the current pain intensity using the Pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport using the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport scale (I-PRRS).
43.93% (
= 47) of the athletes (23.70 ± 3.54 years) reported an injury in the six months prior to the championship. They presented a median on the NRS of three (interquartile range (IQR), 2-5), and 54 (IQR, 46-58) on the I-PRRS. The Spearman's Rho correlation test showed an inversely and moderate correlation (r
= -0.36;
= 0.011; CI: -0.64--0.08) between pain intensity and PRRS.
In male elite volleyball players who participate in a Continental Championship in South America, higher levels of PRRS was correlated to lower pain intensity.
RESUMEN: Uno de los principales factores genéticos que influenciarían el rendimiento muscular humano es el gen ACTN3, que codifica la proteína estructural del sarcómero α-actinina-3. El polimorfismo ...R577X (rs1815739) del gen ACTN3 ha sido asociado con varios indicadores de rendimiento muscular y físico en deportistas y población general, pero este fenómeno ha sido escasamente descrito en poblaciones de Latinoamérica y Chile. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la frecuencia genotípica y distribución alélica de los genotipos de ACTN3 R577X en deportistas universitarios chilenos. 129 deportistas universitarios chilenos representantes de diferentes selecciones deportivas (halterofilia, balonmano, voleibol, rugby, basquetbol, futbol y futsal) participaron como voluntarios. Los análisis moleculares del polimorfismo R577X del gen ACTN3 fueron realizados mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y restricción enzimática (RFLP). La distribución de genotipos del polimorfismo ACTN3 R577X fue RR: 34,8 % (n=45), RX: 50,4 % (n=65), XX: 14,7 % (n=19), y la frecuencia relativa de alelos fue R: 0,601 y X: 0,399. Además, se encontró asociación entre distribución de genotipos (c2= 12,26; 2 gl; p=0,002) y frecuencia relativa de alelos (c2= 11.02; 1 gl; p=0.0009) con el sexo de los participantes. Sin embargo, no hubo asociación al realizar análisis por tipo de deporte practicado. Los hallazgos de la presente investigación sugieren que el polimorfismo R577X del gen ACTN3 está asociado con el sexo en deportistas universitarios chilenos. Además, estos resultados describen de forma inédita la distribución genotípica y frecuencia alélica de esta variante genética en población chilena, mostrando una distribución similar a otros estudios realizados en poblaciones de deportistas en Brasil, Rusia, Estados Unidos y Turquía. No obstante, también muestra diferencias con otras poblaciones generales y de deportistas.
Evaluación de la comunicación funcional en personas mayores Salazar Martínez, Reinaldo Patricio; Abarca Aguilar, Isabel; Astete Valdebenito, Mónica ...
Revista de investigación en logopedia,
01/2022, Volume:
12, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Open access
Existen diversos instrumentos que evalúan a la persona mayor, aunque ninguno que evalúe la comunicación desde la perspectiva funcional (Dulcey-Ruiz, 2013; Muñoz et al, 2013). Por lo mismo, se ...desarrolló un estudio durante el año 2020 cuyo objetivo fue conformar y validar, mediante fonoaudiólogos chilenos, un protocolo de evaluación de la comunicación para personas mayores, desde las funciones y estructuras comunicativas, actividades de la vida diaria ligadas a la comunicación y la participación comunicativo social (González et al, 2019). El instrumento fue construido en base a propuestas de protocolos y cuestionarios de comunicación desarrollados en investigaciones previas (Salazar, 2015; 2016; 2018) y a la teoría existente sobre comunicación y envejecimiento (Juncos et al, 2010; Lojo et al, 2014; López y Rubio, 2014). El estudio, de enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo, de tipo no experimental transeccional, reclutó a 36 fonoaudiólogos chilenos con un muestreo probabilístico a los cuales, mediante proceso de validación de expertos realizaron el análisis del instrumento, en cuanto a contenido, categoría y semántica. Como resultados, se obtuvo que un 92% de los profesionales (33) consideraron el instrumento semánticamente correcto a la realidad chilena, aceptando el 91% de los ítems del instrumento desde la perspectiva del contenido y las categorías que se presentaron. Posteriormente, se aplicó el método estadístico Lawshe (Osa et al, 2017), el cual permite obtener el índice estadístico de validez de contenido, obteniendo un cociente 0.91, el que indica que el instrumento cuenta con un alto nivel de validez, considerando que el método Lawshe exige un cociente sobre 0,6 para validar un instrumento. Con todo lo anterior, se logró configurar un instrumento que permite determinar las fortalezas y debilidades comunicativas que presentan las personas mayores. Se contempla proseguir la investigación, realizando procesos de validez de constructo y estandarización del instrumento.
Two ruthenium (II) complexes containing heterobidentated phosphorous–nitrogen ligands were studied as homogeneous catalysts in the hydrogenation of furfural, a key step in the transformation of ...biomass to biofuels or renewable chemicals. The catalysts exhibited high percentages of conversion towards the formation of furfuryl alcohol. The studied ruthenium (II) complexes are able to maintain their catalytic activities in substrate/catalyst ratios ranging from 1000/1 to 6000/1. The reaction is sensitive to hydrogen pressure and the substrate concentration. The maximum conversion is achieved at a pressure of 40 bar and a substrate/catalyst ratio of 3000/1 (TOF 3000 h−1). In situ 1H‐NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) analysis suggests that the presence of a phosphorous–nitrogen ligand improves the catalytic activity of the complex by stabilizing the intermediate ruthenium‐dihydride, which is considered the active species in the hydrogenation reactions.
Two ruthenium (II) complexes containing heterobidentated phosphorous–nitrogen ligands were studied as homogeneous catalysts in the hydrogenation of furfural, a key step in the transformation of biomass to biofuels or renewable chemicals. The catalysts exhibited high percentages of conversion towards the formation of furfuryl alcohol. The maximum conversion is achieved at a pressure of 40 bar and a substrate/catalyst ratio of 3000/1 (TOF 3000 h−1).
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•Ruthenium complexes are active catalysts in hydrogen transfer to imine.•Hydrogen transfer to imine using ruthenium complexes containing nitrogen- phosphorus-nitrogen (NPN) ...ligands.•Synthesis and crystal structure of ruthenium complexes containing nitrogen-phosphorus-nitrogen ligands.
This work reports the synthesis and characterization of ruthenium(II) complexes containing nitrogen-phosphorus-nitrogen (NPN) ligands, with L1 = N-(phenyl(pyridin-2-ylamino)phosphino)pyridin-2-amine and L2 = 4-methyl-N-((4-methylpyridin-2-ylamino)(phenyl)phosphino)pyridin-2-amine. The ruthenium complexes RuCl2PPh3(L1) (1) and RuCl2PPh3(L2) (2) show high activities in catalytic transfer hydrogenation of different substituted benzylideneanilines, with turnover frequencies up to 5882 h−1 and 5294 h−1, respectively. The RuCl(CO)PPh3(L1) (3) and RuCl(CO)PPh3(L2) (4) complexes were non-active in the reaction studied. Theoretical calculations conducted for complex 4 showed that the carbonyl group promotes σ-orbital interactions and backdonation phenomena from the metal centre to the π* orbitals in the CO ligand, presenting a strong orbital contribution. This supports the hypothesis that complexes 3 and 4 are less reactive species and therefore present poor or null catalytic performance in the reaction studied.
Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) is the sole etiologic agent of Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome in Chile and, until now, the only Hantavirus known to be transmitted by person-to-person route. The ...main risk of person-to-person transmission is to be a sexual partner of an index case, and deep kissing the main mechanism of infection. Experimental reports suggest that ANDV infection can be inhibited by some saliva components. Therefore, some host factors like saliva quality, could help to explain why some individuals do not become infected even though their exposure to the virus is high.
To compare some saliva components, such cytokines and mucins, between ANDV-infected cases (exposed-sick), their close household contacts (exposed-not sick) and healthy control not exposed.
Sixty-nine confirmed ANDV-infected cases, 76 close household contacts exposed to ANDV but not infected (CHC) and 39 healthy control not exposed (HCNE). The following components were measured in saliva: secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) by ELISA; cytokines (IL1β, IL12p70, TNFα, INFy, IL10, IL6, VEGF, IP10, and IL8) by Multiplex Assay and mucins MUC7 and MUC5B by Western Blotting.
Among infected cases, CHC and HCNE analyzed 74, 45, and 33% were men, respectively (
≤ 0.05). The average age for cases, CHC and HCNE was 37.7, 28.7, and 32 years, respectively (
≤ 0.05). The average concentration of sIgA in infected cases was 4.846 mg/mL, higher than for CHC group, 0.333 mg/mL (
≤ 0.05). For cytokines, significant differences were found comparing all groups for IFNy, IL12p70, and IL8. Among CHC group, there was a higher frequency of detection of MUC7 isoform (62.6%; 31/49) compared to ANDV-infected cases (40.5%; 17/42) (
< 0.05). Similarly, presence of MUC5B was higher among CHC groups (62.16%; 46/74) than in ANDV-infected cases (44.4%; 28/63) (
< 0.05).
Three salivary components showed differences between infected cases and close household contacts (sIgA, cytokines, and mucins). These differences can be explained by the acute state of the disease in the ANDV-infected cases group. However, the differences in MUC5B and isoforms of MUC7 are not entirely explainable by the infection itself. This work represents a novel description of salivary components in the context of ANDV infection.
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