We report ground‐based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons H‐1211 (CBrClF2), H‐1301 (CBrF3), and H‐2402 (CBrF2CBrF2) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases ...Experiment) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration global networks. We also include results from archived air samples in canisters and from polar firn in both hemispheres, thereby deriving an atmospheric record of nearly nine decades (1930s to present). All three halons were absent from the atmosphere until ∼1970, when their atmospheric burdens started to increase rapidly. In recent years H‐1211 and H‐2402 mole fractions have been declining, but H‐1301 has continued to grow. High‐frequency observations show continuing emissions of H‐1211 and H‐1301 near most AGAGE sites. For H‐2402 the only emissions detected were derived from the region surrounding the Sea of Japan/East Sea. Based on our observations, we derive global emissions using two different inversion approaches. Emissions for H‐1211 declined from a peak of 11 kt yr−1 (late 1990s) to 3.9 kt yr−1 at the end of our record (mean of 2013–2015), for H‐1301 from 5.4 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 1.6 kt yr−1, and for H‐2402 from 1.8 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 0.38 kt yr−1. Yearly summed halon emissions have decreased substantially; nevertheless, since 2000 they have accounted for ∼30% of the emissions of all major anthropogenic ozone depletion substances, when weighted by ozone depletion potentials.
Key Points
Halon measurements were combined from two large networks and from air archives
Complete atmospheric histories for these halons are reported for both hemispheres
Complete global emission estimates and a regional H‐2402 emission pattern are reported on
The treatment of open fractures of the tibial shaft is often complicated by delayed union and nonunion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the use of recombinant ...human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2; dibotermin alfa) to accelerate healing of open tibial shaft fractures and to reduce the need for secondary intervention.
In a prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind study, 450 patients with an open tibial fracture were randomized to receive either the standard of care (intramedullary nail fixation and routine soft-tissue management the control group), the standard of care and an implant containing 0.75 mg/mL of rhBMP-2 (total dose of 6 mg), or the standard of care and an implant containing 1.50 mg/mL of rhBMP-2 (total dose of 12 mg). The rhBMP-2 implant (rhBMP-2 applied to an absorbable collagen sponge) was placed over the fracture at the time of definitive wound closure. Randomization was stratified by the severity of the open wound. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients requiring secondary intervention because of delayed union or nonunion within twelve months postoperatively.
Four hundred and twenty-one (94%) of the patients were available for the twelve-month follow-up. The 1.50-mg/mL rhBMP-2 group had a 44% reduction in the risk of failure (i.e., secondary intervention because of delayed union; relative risk = 0.56; 95% confidence interval = 0.40 to 0.78; pairwise p = 0.0005), significantly fewer invasive interventions (e.g., bone-grafting and nail exchange; p = 0.0264), and significantly faster fracture-healing (p = 0.0022) than did the control patients. Significantly more patients treated with 1.50 mg/mL of rhBMP-2 had healing of the fracture at the postoperative visits from ten weeks through twelve months (p = 0.0008). Compared with the control patients, those treated with 1.50 mg/mL of rhBMP-2 also had significantly fewer hardware failures (p = 0.0174), fewer infections (in association with Gustilo-Anderson type-III injuries; p = 0.0219), and faster wound-healing (83% compared with 65% had wound-healing at six weeks; p =0.0010).
The rhBMP-2 implant was safe and, when 1.50 mg/mL was used, significantly superior to the standard of care in reducing the frequency of secondary interventions and the overall invasiveness of the procedures, accelerating fracture and wound-healing, and reducing the infection rate in patients with an open fracture of the tibia.
We report ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons H-1211 (CBrClF sub(2)), H-1301 (CBrF sub(3)), and H-2402 (CBrF sub(2)CBrF sub(2)) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global ...Atmospheric Gases Experiment) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration global networks. We also include results from archived air samples in canisters and from polar firn in both hemispheres, thereby deriving an atmospheric record of nearly nine decades (1930s to present). All three halons were absent from the atmosphere until 1970, when their atmospheric burdens started to increase rapidly. In recent years H-1211 and H-2402 mole fractions have been declining, but H-1301 has continued to grow. High-frequency observations show continuing emissions of H-1211 and H-1301 near most AGAGE sites. For H-2402 the only emissions detected were derived from the region surrounding the Sea of Japan/East Sea. Based on our observations, we derive global emissions using two different inversion approaches. Emissions for H-1211 declined from a peak of 11 kt yr super(-1) (late 1990s) to 3.9 kt yr super(-1) at the end of our record (mean of 2013-2015), for H-1301 from 5.4 kt yr super(-1) (late 1980s) to 1.6 kt yr super(-1), and for H-2402 from 1.8 kt yr super(-1) (late 1980s) to 0.38 kt yr super(-1). Yearly summed halon emissions have decreased substantially; nevertheless, since 2000 they have accounted for 30% of the emissions of all major anthropogenic ozone depletion substances, when weighted by ozone depletion potentials. Key Points * Halon measurements were combined from two large networks and from air archives * Complete atmospheric histories for these halons are reported for both hemispheres * Complete global emission estimates and a regional H-2402 emission pattern are reported on
Aging and memory Perlmutter, M; Adams, C; Berry, J ...
Annual review of gerontology & geriatrics,
1987, Volume:
7
Journal Article
Although some age-related decline in memory probably occurs, most memory changes that result from normal aging are not as extensive within individuals or as representative within the population as ...previously had been believed (Zarit et al., 1981). Still, when older adults become aware of memory problems, they typically become quite alarmed (see Poon et al., 1980). One reason for this alarm is that memory loss has been found to be a reliable early sign of organic brain disease. Despite the sadness and severity of problems experienced by these patients and their families, the actual incidence of organic brain disease in older adults remains quite low. Unfortunately, it is possible that older adults' concern about less significant memory loss may compound or magnify problems that do exist. Therefore, when working with relatively healthy older adults, it is important first to consider possible transitory, nonmemory factors that could be contributing to memory problems and then to provide the clients with some perspective on their memory failures.
(U) Personnel at the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), China Lake, California, in conjunction with Hughes Associates, Inc. (HAI), have been conducting an evaluation for the ...replacement of Halon 1211 systems on U.S. Navy aircraft carrier flight decks and hangar bays. As such, an effort began in 1996 to provide an overall assessment. This endeavor entailed four phases: (1) an alternative development status, (2) a requirements review, (3) a mission critical reserve evaluation, and (4) a replacement program plan. The effort described herein pertains to the fourth stage. (U) To evaluate potential Halon 1211 replacement systems for flight deck use, a program was established to identify the threats from engine fires and determine suitable alternatives. A systems engineering approach was adopted in which understanding the fire threats and extinguishing requirements before recommending a replacement for Halon 1211 in naval aviation applications was critical. This approach required the use of a realistic test scenario that adequately simulated the small two- and three-dimensional engine and fires encountered in the field. This program focused on internal engine and nacelle fires. (U) This report provides a summary of the work completed for the internal engine and the nacelle fire series, a description of this testing, and a discussion of the results. Also included are the authors' conclusions and recommendations, as well as the future direction for the program.
The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD.
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