There is a scarcity of protein of high biological value due to rapid increase in the world population and limited natural resources. Meat is a good source of protein of high biological value but ...converting the vegetable protein into animal protein is not economical. There is a trend of production of healthy and delicious meat free food for satisfaction of vegetarian and personal well beings. This resulted in increasing use of low cost vegetable protein such as textured soy protein, mushroom, wheat gluten, pulses etc as a substitute for animal-protein. These simulated meat-like products, with similar texture, flavor, color, and nutritive value can be substituted directly for meat to all sections of the society.
Fermentation of meat is a traditional preservation method used widely for improving quality and shelf life of fermented meat products. Fermentation of meat causes a number of physical, biochemical, ...and microbial changes, which eventually impart functional properties, sensory characteristics, and nutritional aspects to these products and inhibit the growth of various pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. These changes include acidification (carbohydrate catabolism), solubilization and gelation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins of muscle, degradation of proteins and lipids, reduction of nitrate into nitrite, formation of nitrosomyoglobin, and dehydration. Dry-fermented sausages are increasingly being used as carrier of probiotics. The production of biogenic amines during fermentation can be controlled by selecting proper starter cultures and other preventive measures such as quality of raw materials, hygienic measures, temperature, etc.
Abstract
Strong interaction of CMEs with Earth’s environment causes serious space weather effect through the coupled magnetosphere system. A geomagnetic storm is a global disruption of the earth’s ...magnetic field, and usually occurs in response to abnormal conditions in the IMF and solar wind. In this paper we present the consequences on interplanetary causes of strong geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ -200nT), that occurred during solar cycle 23 and 24. It was found that the positive correlation with correlation coefficient (0.46) between the magnitude of strong geomagnetic storm and magnitude of solar wind plasma temperature, (0.54) between the magnitude of strong geomagnetic storm and magnitude of solar wind plasma velocity, (.58) between the magnitude of strong geomagnetic storm and magnitude of southward component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz) and (0.54) between strong geomagnetic storm and magnitude of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF B
total
).The correlation between magnitude of strong geomagnetic storm and magnitude of interplanetary magnetic field (with positive correlation coefficient 0.58) is higher, as compared with magnitude of strong geomagnetic storm and magnitude of solar wind plasma temperature (0.46). It has been verified that strong geomagnetic storm intensity is correlated well with the interplanetary magnetic field IMF (B
total
and B
z
) better than with its solar parameters.
In the present study, a total of 53 promising salt-tolerant genotypes were tested across 18 salt-affected diverse locations for three years. An attempt was made to identify ideal test locations and ...mega-environments using GGE biplot analysis. The CSSRI sodic environment was the most discriminating location in individual years as well as over the years and could be used to screen out unstable and salt-sensitive genotypes. Genotypes CSR36, CSR-2K-219, and CSR-2K-262 were found ideal across years. Overall, Genotypes CSR-2K-219, CSR-2K-262, and CSR-2K-242 were found superior and stable among all genotypes with higher mean yields. Different sets of genotypes emerged as winners in saline soils but not in sodic soils; however, Genotype CSR-2K-262 was the only genotype that was best under both saline and alkaline environments over the years. The lack of repeatable associations among locations and repeatable mega-environment groupings indicated the complexity of soil salinity. Hence, a multi-location and multi-year evaluation is indispensable for evaluating the test sites as well as identifying genotypes with consistently specific and wider adaptation to particular agro-climatic zones. The genotypes identified in the present study could be used for commercial cultivation across edaphically challenged areas for sustainable production.
Non-orthogonal multiple access-unmanned aerial vehicles (NOMA-UAV) are the enabling technologies for 5G network in increasing the spectral efficiency as well as enhancing the computing capability for ...the massive machine type communication (mMTC) devices. To support mMTC devices, machine learning (ML) based algorithms can efficiently exploit the user pairing (UP) scheme for NOMA-UAV system. In this paper, we have proposed an improved user pairing (IUP) scheme using k-mean clustering algorithm and derived the lower and/or upper bound conditions on power allocation coefficient under imperfect successive interference cancellation (Im-SIC). The objective of the proposed scheme is to maximize the system sum-rate capacity under the minimum transmission rate constraints and total remaining UAV transmission power. Based on the user distance from the base station and channel condition of the users, a hybrid approach (where paired users utilize the NOMA technique and unpaired users will utilize the OMA technique) is used to maximize the system throughput for a NOMA-UAV system. Simulation results reveals that the proposed user pairing scheme achieve the high spectral efficiency and ensure good fairness among users compare to the other user pairing schemes such as Near-Far (NF), Near-Median (NM) and Random user pairing schemes.
Coagulation activation and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are hallmarks of malignant disease and represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. Coagulation inhibition with ...low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) may improve survival specifically in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients by preventing VTE and tumor progression; however, randomized trials with well-defined patient populations are needed to obtain conclusive data. The aim of RASTEN was to investigate the survival effect of LMWH enoxaparin in a homogenous population of SCLC patients.
We carried out a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial to investigate the addition of enoxaparin at a supraprophylactic dose (1 mg/kg) to standard treatment in patients with newly diagnosed SCLC. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS), incidence of VTE and hemorrhagic events.
In RASTEN, 390 patients were randomized over an 8-year period (2008–2016), of whom 186 and 191 were included in the final analysis in the LMWH and control arm, respectively. We found no evidence of a difference in OS or PFS by the addition of enoxaparin hazard ratio (HR), 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89–1.38; P = 0.36 and HR, 1.18; 95% CI 0.95–1.46; P = 0.14, respectively. Subgroup analysis of patients with limited and extensive disease did not show reduced mortality by enoxaparin. The incidence of VTE was significantly reduced in the LMWH arm (HR, 0.31; 95% CI 0.11–0.84; P = 0.02). Hemorrhagic events were more frequent in the LMWH-treated group but fatal bleedings occurred in both arms.
LMWH enoxaparin in addition to standard therapy did not improve OS in SCLC patients despite being administered at a supraprophylactic dose and despite resulting in a significant reduction in VTE incidence. Addition of LMWH cannot be generally recommended in the management of SCLC patients, and predictive biomarkers of VTE and LMWH-associated bleeding in cancer patients are warranted.
Rice–wheat is the leading double-cropping system in Asian subtropical countries, and the management of rice straw after harvesting with combine harvesters is a major problem. With increasing ...attention being placed on mitigating global warming and achieving sustainable agricultural intensification, we estimate carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the adoption of various straw management practices, to incentivize farmers based on carbon credits. The total cost involved with the adoption of straw management practices including losses in productivity was in the range of Rs. 5500–14,866/ha when straw was incorporated in the soil. Total carbon credited either sequestered in soils or as GHG emissions varied from a minimum of − 0.97 t CO
2
eq/ha, when paddy straw was partially burnt, to a maximum of 5.17 t CO
2
eq/ha, when straw was kept as mulch with minimum cost involved in managing the straw. Hence, mulching of straw using zero or minimum tillage practices has the least global warming potential and should be promoted for the management of straw in the rice–wheat cropping system.
Micronutrients play a crucial role in enabling crops and vegetables to achieve optimum productivity, improve storage quality, and overcome physiological disorders. The present study focuses on ...evaluating the effects of the foliar application of Zinc, Borax, and their combined application in enhancing onion yield and shelf life of Allium cepa L. (cultivars Red coral and Liberty). An experimental study was conducted for two years at Agriculture Research Unit, DIHAR Leh (34.1383˚N, 77.5725˚E) to assess the impact of different doses of ZnSO
4
, Borax, and their combination on onion yield and shelf-life improvement. Four treatments of ZnSO
4
and Borax (T
1
: 0.5% ZnSO
4
; T
2
: 0.25% Borax; T
3
: 0.5% ZnSO
4
+ 0.25% Borax and T
4
: control) were applied twice, once at 30 DAT and again after 45 DAT. Among four treatments, T
3
showed a significant impact on growth parameters, yield, and onion shelf-life followed by T
1
and T
2
compared to the control T
4
treatment. Foliar sprays of ZnSO
4
and Borax, rather than only ZnSO
4
or Borax application, significantly improved plant height, leaves number, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and onion yield. The storage examination revealed an important correlation between the concurrent application of ZnSO
4
and Borax on onion, demonstrating a significant reduction in weight loss, an increase in Total Soluble Solids (T.S.S), and an extension of the onions' shelf life. These findings hold the potential for significant implications in elucidating the optimal utilization of micronutrients for improving onion cultivation and preservation practices in cold desert regions of Ladakh.
The effect of simulated physiological oocyte maturation on the developmental competence, reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis rate of in vitro produced goat embryos were studied in the ...present experiment. Oocytes and spermatozoa were recovered from ovaries and epididymis, respectively, procured from a local small animal abattoir. The oocytes aspirated from the ovaries were allocated into two groups, control (subjected to routine in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture) and simulated physiological oocyte maturation (SPOM) group (subjected to prematuration, followed by routine in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture). The SPOM group showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher maturation and blastocyst rates (90.60 ± 0.46% and 29.09 ± 2.59%, respectively) as compared to the control group (85.29 ± 0.98% and 24.09 ± 1.08%). The intensity of reactive oxygen species of the embryos in the control group (14.98 ± 0.83 pixels/embryo) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the SPOM group (9.60 ± 0.76 pixels/embryo). The apoptosis rate was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the embryos of the control group (9.18 ± 1.07%) as compared to the SPOM group (5.71 ± 0.90%). In conclusion, the simulated physiological oocyte maturation system significantly increases the developmental competence of the oocytes and decreases the intensity of reactive oxygen species and embryonic apoptosis in abattoir derived goat embryos.
Genetic engineering can add new capabilities or traits and direct method using biolistic particle delivery holds key for rapid, routine and efficient transformation of chickpea. Regeneration ...efficiencies of five different explants derived from BAP pre-treated breeders’ chickpea seeds (
cv
. DCP 92-2) raised in phytohormones combinations (BAP and KIN for shoot primordia induction; GA
3
for shoot elongation and NAA for rooting) were compared. Best response was obtained using the embryonic axis (EAX) explants with 86.69% regeneration efficiency followed by epicotyl (EPI) explants (78.69%). Direct genetic transformation were demonstrated in two responding explants by bombarding with pre-treated tungsten, coated with plant expression cassette (harboring
Bt
and
nptII
gene) from a distance of 4 cm with 1100 psi helium pressure. Transgenic chickpea lines with multiple and single copy integrations were obtained with transformation frequency of 0.72% for EPI explants and 1.21% for EAX explants, significantly higher than
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
mediated transformation of same genotype (0.076%). Southern blot based analyses of seven single copy transgenic chickpea lines exhibited presence and transmission to subsequent generations (T
1
and T
2
). Presence of Bt protein were detected in the leaves of transgenic chickpea lines at pre-flowering (6.63–11.95 ng/mg TSP) and post flowering stages (4.85–8.93 ng/mg TSP). Genetic fidelity analysis using genome wide SSR markers of ten independent transgenic lines indicated true to type with original genotype. Taken together, this study describes a protocol that can be adapted for direct genetic transformation of chickpea with high efficiency.
Key message
Routine protocol for direct transformation of grain legume, chickpea.
PDF
