The NA62 experiment will begin taking data in 2015. Its primary purpose is a
10% measurement of the branching ratio of the ultrarare kaon decay $K^+ \to
\pi^+ \nu \bar{ \nu }$, using the decay in ...flight of kaons in an unseparated
beam with momentum 75 GeV/c.The detector and analysis technique are described
here.
\(K^{+}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\nu\overline{\nu}\) is one of the theoretically cleanest meson decay where to look for indirect effects of new physics complementary to LHC searches. The NA62 experiment at ...CERN SPS is designed to measure the branching ratio of this decay with 10\% precision. NA62 took data in pilot runs in 2014 and 2015 reaching the final designed beam intensity. The quality of 2015 data acquired, in view of the final measurement, will be presented.
The NA62 experiment will begin taking data in 2015. Its primary purpose is a 10% measurement of the branching ratio of the ultrarare kaon decay \(K^+ \to \pi^+ \nu \bar{ \nu }\), using the decay in ...flight of kaons in an unseparated beam with momentum 75 GeV/c.The detector and analysis technique are described here.
Recent success in identifying gene-regulatory elements in the context of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors has enabled cell-type-restricted gene expression. However, within the cerebral ...cortex these tools are largely limited to broad classes of neurons. To overcome this limitation, we developed a strategy that led to the identification of multiple new enhancers to target functionally distinct neuronal subtypes. By investigating the regulatory landscape of the disease gene Scn1a, we discovered enhancers selective for parvalbumin (PV) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons. Demonstrating the functional utility of these elements, we show that the PV-specific enhancer allowed for the selective targeting and manipulation of these neurons across vertebrate species, including humans. Finally, we demonstrate that our selection method is generalizable and characterizes additional PV-specific enhancers with exquisite specificity within distinct brain regions. Altogether, these viral tools can be used for cell-type-specific circuit manipulation and hold considerable promise for use in therapeutic interventions.
Precise assessment of soil organic carbon (OC) storage requires understanding of soil type and depth specific differences in organic matter (OM) stabilization. Therefore, we aimed to analyze OC ...dynamics down the soil profile and to clarify the effect of depth on the importance of aggregate formation and mineral adsorption for OC storage in mature beech forest soils developed from different parent materials. Aggregate size and density fractions were separated from samples of top and subsoil horizons, which were quantified and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. We also determined the microbial biomass C (Cmic) and the amount of C decomposed within incubation experiments (CO₂-C) for the bulk soil samples. OC stabilized via aggregate formation and mineral association significantly increased with soil depth. However, this stabilized pool seemed to fuel the labile OM stronger in the subsoil than in the topsoil because the CO₂-C/SOC and CO₂-C/Cmic ratios increased with depth. Measured differences in the magnitude of the detected stabilization and destabilization patterns were attributed to parent material and soil horizon, indicating pronounced spatial and vertical heterogeneity in the contribution of soils under temperate broadleaf forest to terrestrial C sequestration. Considering such site and depth specific differences will improve assessment and modelling of soil OC storage for areas covered with the same forest type but with high pedogenetic diversity.
Fine roots that enter mineral soil at different depths are a major source of organic carbon stored in forest soil. Little is known about the key factors that govern the mineralization kinetics of ...fine roots in topsoil compared with subsoil. Therefore, we analysed the effects of concentration, spatial distribution and size of fine beech roots on their rates of decomposition in the topsoil and subsoil of a sandy Cambisol. Undisturbed (intact soil columns) and disturbed (soil sieved < 2 mm) samples from the topsoil (2–10 cm) and subsoil (145–153 cm) were incubated for 365 days to determine the carbon dioxide emissions. The treatments included applications of fine roots that varied in size (length: <2 mm and 1–2 cm), different rates of application (2 and 8 g kg‐1) and spatial distribution (homogeneous and locally concentrated, i.e. localized). The mineralization was affected significantly at both depths by the rate of application (large rate > small rate) and in the topsoil by distribution (localized > homogeneous). The spatial distribution of large roots, but not smaller ones, affected rates of emission in subsoil but not in topsoil. Correlation analyses suggest an effect of the calcium and potassium supply on the microbial biomass and on the turnover of roots if these are locally concentrated. The data of this study suggest that in sandy soil the availability of macronutrients has to be considered complementary to root characteristics such as concentration, size and distribution to elucidate their decomposition kinetics throughout the soil profile.
Highlights
Analysis of effects of characteristics of fine beech roots on organic matter decomposition in top‐ and subsoil.
The rate of decomposition in the topsoil was larger if the fine roots were locally concentrated.
The rate of mineralization of fine beech roots in the subsoil increased with increasing root size.
Soil microbial biomass carbon is affected by the supply of calcium and potassium if the fine beech roots are locally concentrated.
Abstract
Background
In 2015, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research initiated a large data integration and data sharing research initiative to improve the reuse of data from patient ...care and translational research. The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) common data model and the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) tools could be used as a core element in this initiative for harmonizing the terminologies used as well as facilitating the federation of research analyses across institutions.
Objective
To realize an OMOP/OHDSI-based pilot implementation within a consortium of eight German university hospitals, evaluate the applicability to support data harmonization and sharing among them, and identify potential enhancement requirements.
Methods
The vocabularies and terminological mapping required for importing the fact data were prepared, and the process for importing the data from the source files was designed. For eight German university hospitals, a virtual machine preconfigured with the OMOP database and the OHDSI tools as well as the jobs to import the data and conduct the analysis was provided. Last, a federated/distributed query to test the approach was executed.
Results
While the mapping of ICD-10 German Modification succeeded with a rate of 98.8% of all terms for diagnoses, the procedures could not be mapped and hence an extension to the OMOP standard terminologies had to be made.
Overall, the data of 3 million inpatients with approximately 26 million conditions, 21 million procedures, and 23 million observations have been imported.
A federated query to identify a cohort of colorectal cancer patients was successfully executed and yielded 16,701 patient cases visualized in a Sunburst plot.
Conclusion
OMOP/OHDSI is a viable open source solution for data integration in a German research consortium. Once the terminology problems can be solved, researchers can build on an active community for further development.
Fine roots that enter mineral soil at different depths are a major source of organic carbon stored in forest soil. Little is known about the key factors that govern the mineralization kinetics of ...fine roots in topsoil compared with subsoil. Therefore, we analysed the effects of concentration, spatial distribution and size of fine beech roots on their rates of decomposition in the topsoil and subsoil of a sandy
C
ambisol. Undisturbed (intact soil columns) and disturbed (soil sieved < 2 mm) samples from the topsoil (2–10 cm) and subsoil (145–153 cm) were incubated for 365 days to determine the carbon dioxide emissions. The treatments included applications of fine roots that varied in size (length: <2 mm and 1–2 cm), different rates of application (2 and 8 g kg
‐1
) and spatial distribution (homogeneous and locally concentrated, i.e. localized). The mineralization was affected significantly at both depths by the rate of application (large rate > small rate) and in the topsoil by distribution (localized > homogeneous). The spatial distribution of large roots, but not smaller ones, affected rates of emission in subsoil but not in topsoil. Correlation analyses suggest an effect of the calcium and potassium supply on the microbial biomass and on the turnover of roots if these are locally concentrated. The data of this study suggest that in sandy soil the availability of macronutrients has to be considered complementary to root characteristics such as concentration, size and distribution to elucidate their decomposition kinetics throughout the soil profile.
Highlights
Analysis of effects of characteristics of fine beech roots on organic matter decomposition in top‐ and subsoil.
The rate of decomposition in the topsoil was larger if the fine roots were locally concentrated.
The rate of mineralization of fine beech roots in the subsoil increased with increasing root size.
Soil microbial biomass carbon is affected by the supply of calcium and potassium if the fine beech roots are locally concentrated.
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