Coprinus comatus, widely known as "Jituigu", is an important commodity and food in China. The yield of C. comatus, however, is substantially reduced by the autolysis of the fruiting bodies after ...harvest. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism underlying this autolysis, we divided the growth of C. comatus fruiting bodies into four stages: infant stage (I), mature stage (M), discolored stage (D), and autolysis stage (A). We then subjected these stages to de novo transcriptomic analysis using high-throughput Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,946 unigenes were annotated and analyzed with the Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). We analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between stages I and M, M and D, and D and A. Because the changes from M to D are thought to be related to autolysis, we focused on the DEGs between these two stages. We found that the pathways related to metabolic activity began to vary in the transition from M to D, including pathways named as autophagy-yeast, peroxisome, and starch and sucrose metabolism. This study also speculates the possible process of the autolysis of Coprinus comatus. In addition, 20 genes of interest were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR to verify their expression profiles at the four developmental stages. This study, which is the first to describe the transcriptome of C. comatus, provides a foundation for future studies concerning the molecular basis of the autolysis of its fruiting bodies.
The Quaternary red soil widely distributed in China is an important arable land resource. A quantitative understanding of nutrient changes of Quaternary red soils under different land-use patterns is ...the necessary premise for effective regulation, management, and sustainable utilization. In this study, five typical Quaternary red soil profiles under different land-use patterns were taken as the research object in Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. The results showed that: (1) Buried Quaternary red soils were minimally affected by external disturbances. The contents of nitrogen (around 0.02%), phosphorus (ranging from 0.06% to 0.07%), and potassium (ranging from 3.12% to 3.50%) were at relatively low levels and homogeneously distributed with depth. (2) The total nitrogen content of red soils under each land-use pattern showed an increasing trend in the upper part of the profile (A and B horizons), and a sequence of woodland (CL-04) > grassland (CL-03) > arable land (CL-05) = sparse forest–grassland (CL-02). The nitrogen content in the lower part of different land-use patterns was about 0.02%. The phosphorus content of the topsoil layer remained unchanged (ranging from 0.05% to 0.06%), while the subsoil phosphorus decreased to varying extents. The potassium experienced leaching in both topsoil and subsoil layers, with the topsoil losses being lower than that in the subsoil. The range of total potassium content in the grassland (CL-03) ranged from 2.64% to 4.21%, from 3.91% to 4.44% for sparse forest–grassland (CL-02), from 2.41% to 2.63% for woodland (CL-04), and 2.85% to 2.92% for arable land (CL-05), respectively. The variation in nutrient content was related to the vegetation type, coverage rate, artificial fertilization method and species, etc. The accumulative mass change in the sparse forest–grassland increased by 384.16 g/100 cm2, and the other land-use patterns showed a decreasing trend of arable land (83.71 g/100 cm2) > woodland (83.71 g/100 cm2) > grassland (83.71 g/100 cm2), with the topsoil leaching losses being smaller than those in the subsoil layer. The characteristics of windbreak, sand fixation, and soil and water conservation of the sparse forest–grassland could well hold the nutrient-rich loess sediments, resulting in increased nutrients in the Quaternary red soil, which is a reasonable land-use pattern for the Chaoyang area.
Cladophora is one of the most species-rich and taxonomically challenging taxa of green algae. Recently, some samples of freshwater filamentous algae were collected from Hubei, Yunnan and Guizhou ...Provinces, China. The specimens grew attached to solid substrates by basal rhizoids or holdfasts, and their thalli were bright to dark green, long and stiff. They were typically composed of uniseriate unbranched filaments of approximately equal length produced by intercalary and apical cell divisions. We studied the taxonomy of these algae based on morphological and molecular data. Microscopic observations showed that the filaments had some characteristics that differed from those of other species of Cladophora, such as being unbranched, with a large cell diameter (180-429 µm) and smaller length:diameter (L:D) ratio (0.5-3.3) than other species. Phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of small (SSU) and large (LSU) subunits of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences showed that all collected specimens belonged to one species. These specimens formed a new clade in the freshwater Cladophora lineage. On the basis of the morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we propose a new species, Cladophora rigida sp. nov.
Taper implants differ greatly from anatomical teeth in shape. In this study, seven three-dimensional finite element models were established, including a conventional taper implant and six root-analog ...implants with different root numbers and shapes. Vertical, horizontal, and oblique instantaneous loads of 100 N were applied to the models to obtain stress distribution in the implant, mucosa, cortical bone, and cancellous bone. ANSYS was used to perform the analysis under hypothetical experimental conditions. We find the stresses in all the implants and surrounding tissues varied by loading direction, the sequence of stress magnitude is vertical load, oblique load, and then horizontal load. The maximum stress values in root-analog implants were significantly less than in the taper implant. Moreover, stress distribution in the former was equalized contrary to the concentrated stress in the latter. Root-analog implants with different root geometry also revealed a pattern: stresses in multiple-root implant models were lower than those in single-root implants under the same load. The implant with a long and rounded root distributed the stress more uniformly, and it was mainly concentrated on the implant itself and cancellous bone. However, the opposite effect was observed in the short implant on mucosa and cortical bone. The root geometry of anatomical teeth can modify their functions. A uniform-shaped implant can hardly meet their functional requirements. Thus, the root-analog implant could be a possible solution.
The present study for the first time describes the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville 1855 strain Luhong, a genetic lethal mutant exhibiting especially red skin ...color. The mt genome is 15,563 bp in length that is the smallest among the sequenced A. pernyi inbred strains. This genome displays an identical genomic component and gene order to other six known A. pernyi mt genomes. The mt genome-based phylogenetic analysis clustered Luhong with four strains exhibiting yellow skin color, consistent with the traditional view that all of them belonged to the yellow blood lineage.
As is known to all, a vehicle air brake system usually contains moisture. To help solve the problem, it is common to use air dryer to dry compressed air effectively and completely remove the moisture ...of braking system. However, the existing air dryer has many defects such as low drying efficiency, high cost, complex structure and difficult assembly. In order to solve these problems, our company began to study new Air Dryer, meanwhile, to improve the service life of air dryer.
With the continuous development of China's market economy, the demand for commercial vehicles is increasing, and the loading capacity of traditional tractors in the transportation sector cannot meet ...the demand. As the problem of carrying capacity has been solved by the advent of trailers, the reliability and environmental protection of the products are more and more concerned and studied by the automobile developers. This study describes the structural design principle of the trailer brake control system and analyzes the key component - trailer braking valve through the connections and output line with hand brake valve and foot brake valve and the product performance and environmental protection.
Brine shrimps of the genus
Artemia are aquatic species of economic importance because of their important significance to aquaculture and are used as a model species in physiology and developmental ...biology. Research on
Artemia POU homeobox gene function will enhance our understanding of the physiological and developmental processes of POU homeobox gene in animals. Herein, a full-length cDNA encoding an
Artemia POU homeobox protein gene 1 (
APH-1) from
Artemia sinica (designated as
As-APH-1) was cloned and characterized by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) method. The
As-APH-1 gene encoded a protein of 388 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 42.85
kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.90 and the protein belongs to the POU III family. Multiple sequence alignments revealed that
A. sinica As-APH-1 protein sequence shared a conserved POU homeobox domain with other species. The early and persistent expression of
As-APH-1 in the naupliar stages by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and whole-mount embryonic immunohistochemistry suggest that
As-APH-1 functions very early in the salt gland and may be required continuously in this organ. Later in development, expression of
As-APH-1 begins to dramatically decrease and disappear in salt gland of the sub-adult
Artemia. In addition, we also discovered that As-APH-1 increased obviously as the salinity increased, indicating that As-APH-1 might be used as a good indicator of salinity stress. In summary, we are the first to identify the
As-APH-1 gene and to determine its gene expression patterns in early embryogenesis stages and in different salinity stress in brine shrimp,
A. sinica. The result of expression of As-APH-1 affected by salinity changes will provide us further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of osmoregulation in
Artemia early embryonic development.
Basic helix-loop-helix-PAS (bHLH-PAS) family transcription factors are implicated in multiple developmental and physiological regulatory processes. Herein, a full-length cDNA encoding a bHLH-PAS ...domain transcription factor trachealess gene (designated as
As
-
trh
) was cloned and characterized from brine shrimp (
Artemia sinica
) for the first time. The full-length cDNA of
As
-
trh
was 2,698 bp with a 2,319 bp open reading frame encoding a deduced protein of 772 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 86.02 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.87. Sequence alignment revealed that
As
-
trh
had high homology with other species
trh
gene, including the
D
-
trh
gene in
Drosophila melanogaster
and
Bm
-
trh
in
Bombyx mori
. The early and persistent expression of
As
-
trh
in the naupliar stages by whole-mount embryonic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry suggest that
As
-
trh
functions very early in the salt gland and may be required continuously in this tissue. Later in development, expression of
As
-
trh
begins to decrease and disappear in salt gland of the older nauplius and appears in the thoracic epipods of the sub-adult
Artemia
. These results indicated that
As
-
trh
might play an important role in osmoregulatiory organ development from the larvae stages through adult stages.
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