In this study, we explored the feasibility of vacuum frying to produce crisp silver carp surimi chips. The influence of three process parameters (frying temperature, frying time, and slice thickness) ...on the quality parameters of vacuum‐fried surimi chips (oil uptake, crispness, and optical properties) was investigated. The experimental results showed the optimal conditions were chosen as 2‐mm surimi slice being vacuum‐fried at 118°C for 2.5 min. Under these conditions, the oil content, breaking force, and color difference to commercial potato chips were 24.33%, 15.21 N, and 14.03, respectively. Additionally, we also measured the water loss during vacuum frying and the oil quality changes during storage of surimi chips. Results demonstrated the rapid loss of water content of surimi chips during vacuum frying and oil deterioration was kept at acceptable low level up to 100 days. Taken together, our study supported the applicability of vacuum frying technology to produce high‐quality silver carp surimi chips.
In this study, silver carp surimi was explored as main ingredient to produce vacuum‐fried chips, while vacuum frying was tested as an alternative technique to develop surimi chips. Lipid deterioration of vacuum‐fried surimi chips was also investigated.
Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) hold great promise as high‐energy anode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their tunable chemistry, pore structure and abundant reaction ...sites. However, the pore structure of crystalline MOFs tends to collapse during lithium‐ion insertion and extraction, and hence, their electrochemical performances are rather limited. As a critical breakthrough, a MOF glass anode for LIBs has been developed in the present work. In detail, it is fabricated by melt‐quenching Cobalt‐ZIF‐62 (Co(Im)1.75(bIm)0.25) to glass, and then by combining glass with carbon black and binder. The derived anode exhibits high lithium storage capacity (306 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at of 2 A g−1), outstanding cycling stability, and superior rate performance compared with the crystalline Cobalt‐ZIF‐62 and the amorphous one prepared by high‐energy ball‐milling. Importantly, it is found that the Li‐ion storage capacity of the MOF glass anode continuously rises with charge–discharge cycling and even tripled after 1000 cycles. Combined spectroscopic and structural analyses, along with density functional theory calculations, reveal the origin of the cycling‐induced enhancement of the performances of the MOF glass anode, that is, the increased distortion and local breakage of the CoN coordination bonds making the Li‐ion intercalation sites more accessible.
A ZIF glass (melt‐quench Co ZIF‐62 glass), for the first time, is evaluated as anode for high performance lithium‐ion batteries. This ZIF glass anode exhibits an unusual capacity enhancement during charge‐discharge cycling. This exceptional phenomenon is related to the unique structure of ZIF glass, e.g., short‐range disorder.
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•A unique LDH nanocrystal@amorphousness core–shell structure material is prepared using a simple heat treatment.•The crystalline and amorphous phases synergistically improved the ...electrochemical performance of LIBs.•The Li+ diffusion coefficient is improved by ∼ 3 orders of magnitude.•Using the new alkali source (TEA) and size-controlling reagent (H2O2) to prepare the NiCo-LDH.
With the emergence of advanced electronics and appliances, there is a growing demand for high power/energy density and cyclic stability of Li-ion batteries (LIBs), which stimulates the development of high-performance electrode materials. Herein, we proposed and implemented a novel strategy of employing the LDH → LDO intermediate-transformation amorphization to improve the performance of LDH as LIBs anode. In this work, flower-like NiCo-LDH nanoparticles (LDHRT) are synthesized for the first time by co-precipitation using triethanolamine (TEA) as an alkali source and H2O2 as a size-controlling reagent. Then, the unique LDH nanocrystal@amorphousness core–shell structure was obtained by fine-tuning the heat treatment, which significantly improved the electrochemical properties of the material. The layered structure of LDH and the internal defects of the amorphous phase provide abundant transport channels and a larger accommodation space for Li+, improving the rate capability and capacity of LIBs. In addition, the surface amorphous layer and the reduced size of LDHRT nanocrystals effectively alleviate the volume effect, improving the cycling stability of the electrode material. As a result, superior capacity (1821.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), rate capability, and cyclic stability (∼687.7 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 500 cycles, with the average capacity attrition rate of 0.092 %) were achieved. The Li+ diffusion coefficient and capacity retention rate (after 300 cycles) are higher than nearly 3 orders of magnitude and 50.12 % compared to the LDHRT, respectively. This study has opened a simple, safe, and economical new avenue for developing high-performance electrode materials.
Two degree-of-freedom direct drive induction motor (2DoFDDIM), capable of rotary, linear and helical motion, has widespread application. A new mover structure is proposed, which is made from a hollow ...cylinder with copper cast in the axial slots and the circumferential slots on its surface. Then, three-dimensional finite element models of 2DoFDDIM are used to determine the performances of rotary, linear and helical motion developed by the motor. The results show that the new mover has a great improvement on the motor performances of all modes of motions compared with the initial mover. The researches on mover structure and characteristics of 2DoFDDIM present a new path of optimisation on 2DoFIM.
So far, severe capacity decay induced by the polysulfide shuttle effect still remains a great obstacle to the commercialization of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). Herein, Ni-doped ZIF67 (ZIF67/Ni) ...was prepared by the coprecipitation method, and then (Co, Ni)-NC/CNT composites in which in situ formed Co–Ni nanoparticles and CNTs are embedded in the 3D N-doped nanoporous carbon network structure were successfully obtained by a two-step carbonization heat treatment, without shrinkage and collapse of the skeleton. The synergistic catalysis of Co–Ni bimetal significantly promotes redox kinetics, renders strong chemisorption toward polysulfides, and reduces the CVD growth temperature of CNTs (600 °C). Furthermore, the 3D conductive network of the N-doped C skeleton embedded with CNTs and Co–Ni nanoparticles ensures fast electron/ion transportation and structural stability of the skeleton. As the cathode host of LSBs (Co, Ni)-NC/CNT composites exhibit excellent rate performance (1352–590.6 mA h g–1 at 0.5–10 A g–1) and superior cycling stability (reversible capacity of 744 and 544 mA h g–1, with decay rates of 0.031% and 0.029% per cycle at 1 and 5A g–1 for 1000 cycles, respectively). The simple and scalable construction strategy of MOF derivatives shows an important application prospect in electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, electromagnetic shielding/microwave absorption, etc.
Genetic variations and their functional implications have been one of the focuses in recent genome research. With the release of the HapMap by the International Consortium, and the availability of ...the ultra-high-volume genotyping platform, it will soon be possible to use genome-wide association approach to identify genetic variations responsible for complex traits/diseases. While the power of this approach is generally agreed, it is a debated issue as to how much population difference should be exploited, and how best it should be applied. To address this issue we have sequenced 7 genes in the centromeric region of chromosome 15, investigated their SNPs, SNP frequencies, tagSNPs, LD structures, and haplotypes in 50 Tibetan subjects, and compared them with those from the Han population. Genetic diversities between the two populations were also quantified. Our results show that the overall genetic variation between the two populations is very little, but there are differences, primarily in allele frequencies, which is a dominating factor for haplotypes and tagSNPs. In general Tibetans have longer LD and less diversity in the region studied. These data provide genetic evidence for the close relationship between the two populations, and support the idea that all populations are fundamentally the same, but also indicate population variations, particularly in allele frequency, should be taken into account in complex traits/ diseases analysis. Data obtained in this investigation not only help us understand the genome region, but also provide road maps for variation study in the genes/region in Tibetan population.
As a renewable biomass material, nano-cellulose has been investigated as a reinforcing filler in rubber composites but has seen little success because of its strong inclination towards aggregating. ...Here, a bottom-up self-assembly approach was proposed by regenerating cellulose crystals from a mixture of cellulose solution and natural rubber (NR) latex. Different co-coagulants of both cellulose solution and natural rubber latex were added to break the dissolution equilibrium and in-situ regenerate cellulose in the NR matrix. The SEM images showed that the sizes and morphologies of regenerated cellulose (RC) varied greatly with the addition of different co-coagulants. Only when a 5 wt% acetic acid aqueous solution was used, the RC particles showed an ideal rod-like structure with small sizes of about 100 nm in diameter and 1.0 μm in length. The tensile test showed that rod-like RC (RRC)-endowed NR vulcanizates with pronounced reinforcement had a drastic upturn in stress after stretching to 200% strain. The results of XRD and the Mullins effect showed that this drastic upturn in stress was mainly attributed to the formation of rigid RRC-RRC networks during stretching instead of the strain-induced crystallization of NR. This bottom-up approach provided a simple way to ensure the effective utilization of cellulosic materials in the rubber industry.
•Two types of new 3-ply composite cross-laminated timber panels were manufactured from bamboo mat-curtain panels and hem-fir lumber.•The engineering performance of bamboo-wood composite ...cross-laminated timber was investigated, and hem-fir glued-laminated timber and cross-laminated timber were used as controls.•A comparative study on the theoretical modulus of elasticity and experimental modulus of elasticity of bamboo-wood composite cross-laminated timber was presented.•The effect of layer thickness and layup on the modulus of elasticity of the 3-ply bamboo-wood composite cross-laminated timber was investigated.
During the global industrialization process of manufacturing cross-laminated timber (CLT), attempts have been made to use local wood species. For areas rich in bamboo resources but relatively short in timber resources, the use of bamboo- and wood-based composites to manufacture composite CLT (CCLT) has great potential. In the present work, two new types of 3-ply CCLT panel structures constituting bamboo mat-curtain panel and hem-fir lumber were investigated. In the major and minor strength directions, flatwise bending and shear tests were conducted to investigate their failure modes, maximum bending moment, bending stiffness, modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength, interlaminar shear strength, and specific bending and shear performance. Moreover, 3-ply hem-fir glued-laminated timber and CLT were used as controls. The effective MOE of each panel structure was calculated according to shear analogy theory and modified gamma theory and then was compared to the measured MOE. Based on the shear analogy theory, the effect of the thickness of layers on the MOE of the panels was investigated. Results showed that unlike other types of CCLT, the new CCLT exhibited distinct plate-like orthogonal strength characteristics. Its theoretical MOE agreed well with the measured MOE as the accuracy changed with the panel structure. By changing the panel structure of the new CCLT, if the MOE of one strength direction was reduced, the MOE in the other strength direction could increase accordingly based on the layer characteristics. The results presented in this paper can provide a guidance for future design and optimization of bamboo-wood CCLT.
The track line suffers from track irregularity, subgrade settlement, rail surface defects, and gauge distortion. Measuring the track geometry quality plays an important role in rail administrations ...to safe operation and track maintenance. In order to meet the requirements of track daily inspection, this article describes a comprehensive detection system for the track geometry, which is designed by four cameras, an inclinometer, and an inertial measurement unit. Moreover, the detection system has the characteristics of simple structure, automatic detection, and multiple measurement parameters. First, to measure track alignment and irregularity, a multisensing calibration method is established to fuse visual sensors and inertial sensors. An accelerometer and a Kalman filter are used to eliminate accumulated unrealistic drifts of accelerometer and gyroscope. Second, to measure the rail surface defects and gauge, the model of laser and machine vision is deduced to obtain the coordinate values in a unified coordinate system, and an improved iterative closest point method is developed to improve the matching accuracy. Finally, a series of experiments is carried out to validate the measuring performance. The results indicate that the proposed method can accurately measure the track geometry, with the maximum deviations of track alignment, track irregularity, rail defects, and gauge that are less than 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.1 mm, respectively. The detection system is not only simple in structure but also has multiple detection parameters, which is especially suitable for track daily maintenance.
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