O3‐type layered transition metal cathodes are promising energy storage materials due to their sufficient sodium reservoir. However, sluggish sodium ions kinetics and large voltage hysteresis, which ...are generally associated with Na+ diffusion properties and electrochemical phase transition reversibility, drastically minimize energy density, reduce energy efficiency, and hinder further commercialization of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Here, this work proposes a high‐entropy tailoring strategy through manipulating the electronic local environment within transition metal slabs to circumvent these issues. Experimental analysis combined with theoretical calculations verify that high‐entropy metal ion mixing contributes to the improved reversibility of redox reaction and O3–P3–O3 phase transition behaviors as well as the enhanced Na+ diffusivity. Consequently, the designed O3‐Na0.9Ni0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Mn0.2Ti0.15Cu0.05O2 material with high‐entropy characteristic could display a negligible voltage hysteresis (<0.09 V), impressive rate capability (98.6 mAh g−1 at 10 C) and long‐term cycling stability (79.4% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 5 C). This work provides insightful guidance in mitigating the voltage hysteresis and facilitating Na+ diffusion of layered oxide cathode materials to realize high‐rate and high‐energy SIBs.
High‐entropy configuration within transition metal slabs helps to strengthen TMO2 skeleton and enlarge the sodium ion diffusion channel, which promotes fast Na+ kinetics, reversible TM redox and phase transition as well as decreased voltage hysteresis, thus achieving impressive electrochemical performance for sodium oxide cathodes.
As the basis for a flatness control system, flatness actuator efficiency describes an actuator’s control ability, but it is difficult to obtain an actuator efficiency factor accurately through ...rolling tests because of the complicated subsidiary facilities of the mill. This paper proposes a novel simulation approach that is applied to obtain the actuator efficiency factors in terms of work roll bending, intermediate roll bending, and intermediate roll shifting for a six-high Universal Crown Control mill (UCM mill). A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of the mill was developed to simulate the dynamic strip rolling process. The validation of rolling experiments shows that this model has enough precision, where the relative error of strip thickness between simulated values and actual values is less than 1.0%. The effects of the actuators on strip thickness profile, crown, edge drop, and elongation difference of longitudinal fibers were investigated. In the case of different actuator parameters, the curves of actuator efficiency factors were obtained and quantitatively descripted by truncated Legendre orthogonal polynomials. The mechanism of flatness control was studied based on an analysis of the actuator’s influence rule on the elastic deflection of rolls and 3D distribution of rolling pressure. The results indicate that the curves of actuator efficiency factors have a symmetrical upside-down v-shaped distribution and contain the quadratic and quartic flatness components. The actuator efficiency factors of intermediate roll shifting have a nonignorable variation with the change of actuator parameters. This study is the first attempt to obtain actuator efficiency factors for UCM mill using an elastic–plastic finite element method.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of energy storage and highly demanded in consumer electronics due to their high energy density, long battery life, and great flexibility. However, ...LIBs usually suffer from obvious capacity reduction, security problems, and a sharp decline in cycle life under low temperatures, especially below 0 °C, which can be mainly ascribed to the decrease in Li
diffusion coefficient in both electrodes and electrolyte, poor transfer kinetics on the interphase, high Li
desolvation barrier in the electrolyte, and severe Li plating and dendrite. Targeting such issues, approaches to improve the kinetics and stability of cathodes are also dissected, followed by the evaluation of the application prospects and modifications between various anodes and the strategies of electrolyte design including cosolvent, blended Li salts, high-concentration electrolyte, and additive introduction. Such designs elucidate the successful exploration of low-temperature LIBs with high energy density and long lifespan. This review prospects the future paths of research for LIBs under cold environments, aiming to provide insightful guidance for the reasonable design of LIBs under low temperature, accelerating their widespread application and commercialization.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination of nerves. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the ...pathogenesis of MS, as studies have shown abnormalities in mitochondrial activities, metabolism, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, and mitochondrial morphology in immune cells of individuals with MS. The presence of mitochondrial dysfunctions in immune cells contributes to immunological dysregulation and neurodegeneration in MS. This review provided a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cells associated with MS, focusing on the potential consequences of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming on immune function. Current challenges and future directions in the field of immune-metabolic MS and its potential as a therapeutic target were also discussed.
Industrial soft sensing models have found extensive application in predicting key process variables that are challenging to directly measure. However, the effectiveness of conventional soft sensing ...models is impacted by the intricate characteristics of process variables, such as high nonlinearity, coupling, and complex dynamicity. To address this limitation, an enhanced bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model based on distributed nonlinear extensions integrated with parallel inputs (DNEPI-Bi-LSTM) is proposed for constructing the soft sensing model. First, to account for the differential impact between inputs and outputs, partial correlation is employed to segregate the inputs into two categories: positive subinputs and negative subinputs. Subsequently, these two distributed subinputs are transformed into nonlinear space by passing through the hidden layer of the extreme learning machine. The resulting outputs from the hidden layer are considered as distributed nonlinear extensions. Finally, the enhanced DNEPI-Bi-LSTM soft sensing model is developed using parallel inputs integrated with distributed nonlinear extensions. To assess the efficacy of DNEPI-Bi-LSTM, an industrial process known as the sulfur recovery unit is adopted. Simulation results illustrate that DNEPI-Bi-LSTM outperforms other advanced models in terms of accuracy, showcasing its potential in industrial applications.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common type of fatal stroke, accounting for about 15% to 20% of all strokes. Hemorrhagic strokes are associated with high mortality and morbidity, and increasing ...evidence shows that innate immune responses and inflammatory injury play a critical role in ICH-induced neurological deficits. However, the signaling pathways involved in ICH-induced inflammatory responses remain elusive. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) belongs to a large family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the involvement of TLR4 signaling in ICH-induced inflammation and brain injury. We discuss the key mechanisms associated with TLR4 signaling in ICH and explore the potential for therapeutic intervention by targeting TLR4 signaling.
In spite of the competitive performance at room temperature, the development of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) is still hindered by sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics and unstable ...electrode/electrolyte interphase under subzero environments. Herein, a low‐concentration electrolyte, consisting of 0.5M NaPF6 dissolving in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether solvent, is proposed for SIBs working at low temperature. Such an electrolyte generates a thin, amorphous, and homogeneous cathode/electrolyte interphase at low temperature. The interphase is monolithic and rich in organic components, reducing the limitation of Na+ migration through inorganic crystals, thereby facilitating the interfacial Na+ dynamics at low temperature. Furthermore, it effectively blocks the unfavorable side reactions between active materials and electrolytes, improving the structural stability. Consequently, Na0.7Li0.03Mg0.03Ni0.27Mn0.6Ti0.07O2//Na and hard carbon//Na cells deliver a high capacity retention of 90.8 % after 900 cycles at 1C, a capacity over 310 mAh g−1 under −30 °C, respectively, showing long‐term cycling stability and great rate capability at low temperature.
This work constructs a monolithic and amorphous electrode/electrolyte interphase at low temperature which is thin, stable, and contains more organic components, facilitating fast Na+ kinetics, enabling sodium‐ion batteries to achieve long‐term cycling performance and great rate capability at −30 °C.
In this brief, a novel U-shape-channel tunneling field-effect transistor (UTFET) with a SiGe source region is investigated by 2-D technology computer aided design simulation. The enlarged tunneling ...area and enhanced tunneling rate dramatically increase the tunneling current when the device is turned on. Meanwhile, the off-leakage current of UTFET is suppressed because of the extended physical channel length. The on-state tunneling current of UTFET can be further improved by introducing an n + -doped Si delta layer under the source region. The inserted delta layer significantly shortens the band-to-band tunneling path, enlarges tunneling area, and thus enhances the tunneling rate of this device. The average value of the subthreshold swing (SS) of the optimized UTFET is 58 mV/dec when VGS is varied from 0 to 0.46 V. Using the SiGe-source UTFET structure with a delta layer, the merits of low leakage current, high drive current, and ultralow SS can be realized simultaneously.
The development of new sodium ion battery (SIB) cathodes with satisfactory performance requires an in-depth understanding of their structure−function relationships, to rationally design better ...electrode materials. In this work, highly ordered, honeycomb-layered Na
3
Ni
2
SbO
6
was prepared to elucidate the structural evolution and Na
+
kinetics during electrochemical desodiation/sodiation processes. Structural analysis involving
in situ
synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments, electrochemical performance measurements, and electrochemical characterization (galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, GITT) methods were used to obtain new insights into the reaction mechanism controlling the (de)intercalation of sodium into the host Na
3−
x
Ni
2
SbO
6
structure. Two phase transitions occur (initial O′3 phase → intermediate P′3 phase → final O1 phase) upon Na
+
extraction; the partial irreversible O′3-P′3 phase transition is responsible for the insufficient cycling stability. The fast Na
+
mobility (average 10
–12
cm
2
·s
–1
) in the interlayer, high equilibrium voltage (3.27 V), and low voltage polarization (50 mV) establish the linkage between kinetic advantage and a good rate performance of the cathode. These new findings provide deep insight into the reaction mechanism operating in the honeycomb cathode; the present approach could be also extended to investigate other materials for SIBs.
Metal anodes based on plating/stripping electrochemistry, for instance, common alkaline metal lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), polyvalent metal magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca) ...and zinc (Zn) are imminently evoked and increasingly researched for future generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries due to their large theoretical capacity, low electrochemical potential, and superior electronic conductivity in recent years. However, the uncontrolled dendrite formation issue induces low Coulombic efficiency, short lifespan, and hazardous security risks, hindering the actual applications of metal batteries. Among various solutions, the utilization of ferro-/piezoelectric materials for metal anodes displays active effects on decreasing local current density, suppressing dendrite growth, and tolerating volume expansion benefits from the unique ferro-/piezoelectric polarization effect. This review presents the research progress of ferro-/piezoelectric polarization effect for regulating the dendritic growth of metal anodes for the first time. First, the current challenges and strategies of metal anodes are proposed. Then, ferro-/piezoelectric materials and their working principle are discussed. Finally, the recent research progress of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials on dynamic regulation of dendrite growth is summarized, and the future perspectives are prospected. We hope this review could draw more attention in designing metal anodes with self-polarization materials and promoting their practical applications.
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