•The study compares the organic behavior of consumers in Pakistan, Turkey and Iran.•Further the study also explains the role of awareness in purchase intention.•The results of the study vary from ...country to country.•The study establishes the role of awareness in organic food purchase intention.•It also guides the policy makers of each country to switch to organic farming.
The study is comparative in nature and focuses on understanding the factors that affect the purchase intention of organic food in three countries: Pakistan, Turkey and Iran. The study also endeavors to explain the role of awareness as a moderating variable in organic food purchase intention. The data employed in this study was collected from Pakistan, Turkey and Iran using a structured questionnaire. A total of 271 responses from Pakistan, 245 responses from Turkey and 220 responses from Iran were obtained and analyzed using structural equation modeling.
The results of the study vary from country to country, but attitude and health consciousness are found to be better predictor organic food purchase intention. The awareness of consumers moderates positively in the intention to purchase of organic food. The relationship of the subjective norms, perceived behavior control and environment concern with intention to purchase vary across different contexts.
Current study establishes the role of awareness in the organic food purchase intention which is found to be missing in the literature. Secondly, the study is comparative in nature and compared the behavior of consumers across Pakistan, Turkey and Iran. Current study also guides the policy makers of these countries to switch to organic farming, which will indeed be beneficial for the environment and health, and also a lucrative business because consumer’s intentions coincide. Furthermore, the study provides a clear guideline for the practitioners to have an effective marketing strategy in three different countries by exploring the major motivators of organic food purchase intention in each country.
Because no prior studies investigated that green intrinsic and extrinsic motivation influence green creativity, this study aims to bridge this research gap and offers two novel constructs: green ...intrinsic motivation and green extrinsic motivation. A survey approach is employed to get insights from the information technology (I.T) industry located in Dalian, China. Using structural equation modeling (variance-based), the authors analyzed 298 respondents. The findings revealed that green transformational leadership has a substantial influence on green intrinsic motivation and green creativity, which are needed for employees to produce clean and green products and services. In addition, green intrinsic motivation partially mediates the relationship between green transformational leadership and green creativity. On the contrary, green extrinsic motivation as a moderator slightly undermines the green intrinsic motivation for green creative behavior. Therefore, leadership in organizations should raise the green motivation of employees so that they may innovate environment-friendly and sustainable products and services.
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•This study offered two novel constructs: Green intrinsic motivation and green extrinsic motivation.•Green transformational leadership and green intrinsic motivation are essential for achieving employees’ green creativity.•Componential theory of creativity is used as a theoretical foundation.•Green intrinsic motivation partially mediates between green transformational leadership and green creativity.•Green extrinsic motivation slightly reduces green intrinsic motivation for green creative behavior.
Monitoring changes in vegetation growth has been the subject of considerable research during the past several decades, because of the important role of vegetation in regulating the terrestrial carbon ...cycle and the climate system. In this study, we combined datasets of satellite‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climatic factors to analyze spatio‐temporal patterns of changes in vegetation growth and their linkage with changes in temperature and precipitation in temperate and boreal regions of Eurasia (> 23.5°N) from 1982 to 2006. At the continental scale, although a statistically significant positive trend of average growing season NDVI is observed (0.5 × 10−3 year−1, P = 0.03) during the entire study period, there are two distinct periods with opposite trends in growing season NDVI. Growing season NDVI has first significantly increased from 1982 to 1997 (1.8 × 10−3 year−1, P < 0.001), and then decreased from 1997 to 2006 (−1.3 × 10−3 year−1, P = 0.055). This reversal in the growing season NDVI trends over Eurasia are largely contributed by spring and summer NDVI changes. Both spring and summer NDVI significantly increased from 1982 to 1997 (2.1 × 10−3 year−1, P = 0.01; 1.6 × 10−3 year−1P < 0.001, respectively), but then decreased from 1997 to 2006, particularly summer NDVI which may be related to the remarkable decrease in summer precipitation (−2.7 mm yr−1, P = 0.009). Further spatial analyses supports the idea that the vegetation greening trend in spring and summer that occurred during the earlier study period 1982–1997 was either stalled or reversed during the following study period 1997–2006. But the turning point of vegetation NDVI is found to vary across different regions.
Twisted carbon nanobelts could display persistent chirality, which is desirable for material applications, but their synthesis is very challenging. Herein, we report the successful synthesis and ...chiral resolution of such a kind of molecules (1-H and 1) with a figure-eight configuration. 1-H was synthesized first by macrocyclization through Suzuki coupling reaction followed by benzannulation via Bi(OTf)3-mediated cyclization reaction of vinyl ether. Oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-H gave the fully π-conjugated 1. Their twisted structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and calculations, and they can be resolved by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated enantiomers showed persistent chiroptical properties according to the circular dichroism measurements, with moderate |g abs| values (0.0016 for 1-H and 0.005–0.007 for 1). Their photophysical properties were also briefly studied.
The current study focuses on understanding the factors (subjective norms (SNs), personal attitude, and perceived behaviour control (PBC)) that influence consumer purchase intention regarding organic ...food from the theory of planned behaviour and health consciousness as an additional factor in Tanzania and Kenya. It further explains the role of knowledge as a moderating variable in organic food purchase intention. A total of 331 responses from Tanzania and 350 responses from Kenya were obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied for validation, and results were analysed using structural equation modeling. SNs, personal attitudes, and health consciousness were found to be significant predictors of organic purchase intention in both countries. Furthermore, findings show that knowledge positively moderates the relationship among SNs, personal attitude, health consciousness, and organic food purchase intention. However, PBC was found to be a weak influencer on consumer purchase intention in Kenya, and no knowledge interaction between PBC and consumer purchase intention in Tanzania was found. The current study theoretically contributes to the literature by introducing the moderating role of knowledge in the relationship. The results show that knowledge interaction increases the effects of the majority of predictors after being introduced in the relationship. Finally, this study provides an understanding of consumers’ perspective regarding their intention to purchase organic foods, which will help stakeholders, such as marketers, retailers, and producers, to achieve marketing strategies for the development of these products.
Understanding how the temperature sensitivity of phenology changes with three spatial dimensions (altitude, latitude, and longitude) is critical for the prediction of future phenological ...synchronization. Here we investigate the spatial pattern of temperature sensitivity of spring and autumn phenology with altitude, latitude, and longitude during 1982–2016 across mid‐ and high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere (north of 30°N). We find distinct spatial patterns of temperature sensitivity of spring phenology (hereafter “spring ST”) among altitudinal, latitudinal, and longitudinal gradient. Spring ST decreased with altitude mostly over eastern Europe, whereas the opposite occurs in eastern North America and the north China plain. Spring ST decreased with latitude mainly in the boreal regions of North America, temperate Eurasia, and the arid/semi‐arid regions of Central Asia. This distribution may be related to the increased temperature variance, decreased precipitation, and radiation with latitude. Compared to spring ST, the spatial pattern of temperature sensitivity of autumn phenology (hereafter “autumn ST”) is more heterogeneous, only showing a clear spatial pattern of autumn ST along the latitudinal gradient. Our results highlight the three‐dimensional view to understand the phenological response to climate change and provide new metrics for evaluating phenological models. Accordingly, establishing a dense, high‐quality three‐dimensional observation system of phenology data is necessary for enhancing our ability to both predict phenological changes under changing climatic conditions and to facilitate sustainable management of ecosystems.
This study explored spatial pattern of temperature sensitivity of land surface phenology in spring and autumn phenology (spring and autumn ST) based on three geographical dimensions of altitude, latitude, and longitude. Across mid‐ and high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere during 1982–2016, we found distinct spatial patterns of spring and autumn ST along altitudinal, latitudinal, and longitudinal gradients. Geographical gradient of temperature, temperature variance, precipitation, and radiation were possible drivers to the patterns of ST. Our results highlight the three‐dimensional view to understand phenological response to climate change, providing basis for improving phenological observation network and new metrics to evaluate phenology models.
► Trend in vegetation green up date shows discontinuity in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. ► Trend towards earlier vegetation green-up till 1990s was stalled in the recent decade. ► Shift in green-up ...temporal evolution seems related to differing temperature trends. ► The spatial patterns of vegetation green-up and its change are altitude dependent.
Research in phenology change has been one heated topic of current ecological and climate change study. In this study, we use satellite derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data to explore the spatio-temporal changes in the timing of spring vegetation green-up in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau from 1982 to 2006 and to characterize their relationship with elevation and temperature using concurrent satellite and climate data sets. At the regional scale, no statistically significant trend of the vegetation green-up date is observed during the whole study period (R2=0.00, P=0.95). Two distinct periods of green-up changes are identified. From 1982 to 1999, the vegetation green-up significantly advanced by 0.88daysyear−1 (R2=0.56, P<0.001). In contrast, from 1999 to 2006, a marginal delaying trend is evidenced (R2=0.44, P=0.07), suggesting that the persistent trend towards earlier vegetation green-up in spring between 1980s and 1990s was stalled during the first decade of this century. This shift in the tendency of the vegetation green-up seems to be related to differing temperature trends between these two periods. Statistical analysis shows that the average onset of vegetation green-up over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau would advance by about 4.1 days in response to 1°C increase of spring temperature. In addition, results from our analysis indicate that the spatial patterns of the vegetation green-up date and its change since 1982 are altitude dependent. The magnitude of the vegetation green-up advancement during 1982–1999, and of its postponement from 1999 to 2006 significantly increases along an increasing elevation gradient.
Wheat, rice, maize, and soybean provide two-thirds of human caloric intake. Assessing the impact of global temperature increase on production of these crops is therefore critical to maintaining ...global food supply, but different studies have yielded different results. Here, we investigated the impacts of temperature on yields of the four crops by compiling extensive published results from four analytical methods: global grid-based and local point-based models, statistical regressions, and field-warming experiments. Results from the different methods consistently showed negative temperature impacts on crop yield at the global scale, generally underpinned by similar impacts at country and site scales. Without CO₂ fertilization, effective adaptation, and genetic improvement, each degree-Celsius increase in global mean temperature would, on average, reduce global yields of wheat by 6.0%, rice by 3.2%, maize by 7.4%, and soybean by 3.1%. Results are highly heterogeneous across crops and geographical areas, with some positive impact estimates. Multimethod analyses improved the confidence in assessments of future climate impacts on global major crops and suggest crop- and region-specific adaptation strategies to ensure food security for an increasing world population.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of online service failure on online customer satisfaction and offline customer loyalty, and the moderating role of brand strength is ...also examined. While extant research on brick and click service mode recognizes the positive spillover effect from offline stores to online stores, this study analyzes the negative spillover effect from online stores to offline stores.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper tests the hypotheses by two studies. Study 1 is based on a 2 (failure severity: mild vs severe) × 2 (brand strength: strong vs weak) between-subjects experimental design using scenarios in a brick and click retailer context, while study 2 is based on data collected from a scenario-based questionnaire survey and analyzed through the structural equation modeling.
Findings
The results indicate that participants exposed to severe online service failure show lower online satisfaction as compared to their counterparts exposed to mild online service failure, but they show the similar level of offline loyalty in both degrees of online service failure. Nevertheless, these results are not moderated by brand strength significantly.
Research limitations/implications
An experimental design and a scenario-based questionnaire survey are used to test the framework. However, the generalizability of the research findings is still limited to a specific study setting. Future research in a different setting is needed to further validate the presented findings.
Practical implications
The findings suggest that physical service providers should adopt aggressive online expansion strategy to seize the market and pay more attention to online service quality rather than online marketing only.
Originality/value
This is one of few studies to explore the risk of brick and click service mode, and provide a clear understanding of the likely occurrence of online service failure and its impact on online customer satisfaction and offline customer loyalty. It extends prior research by exploring non-existence of negative perceptual effect from online service failure to offline customer loyalty in the short run and weakening brand effect, which contributes to cross-channel spillover effect in the integrated multi-channel context and brand building in the internet era.
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