Abstract
The meteorological data such as temperature of the upper atmosphere is ssential for accurate weather forecasting. The Universal Rawinsonde Observation Program (RAOB) establishes an extensive ...radiosonde network worldwide to observe atmospheric meteorological data from the surface to the low stratosphere. The RAOB data data has very high accuracy but can offer a very limited spatial coverage. Meanwhile, ERA-Interim reanalysis data is widely available but with low-quality. We propose a 4D spatiotemporal statistical model which can make effective inferences from ERA-Interim reanalysis data to RAOB data. Finally, we can obtain a huge amount of RAOB data with high-quality and can offer a very wide spatial coverage. In empirical research, we collected data from 200 launch sites around the world in January 2015. The 4D spatiotemporal statistical model successfully analyzed the observation gaps at different pressure levels.
The composition of microbial communities varies considerably across ecological environments, particularly in extreme environments, where unique microorganisms are typically used as the indicators of ...environmental conditions. However, the ecological reasons for the differences in microbial communities remain largely unknown. Herein, we analyzed taxonomic and functional community profiles via high-throughput sequencing to determine the alkaline saline soil bacterial and archaeal communities in the Qarhan Salt Lake area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that Betaproteobacteria (Proteobacteria) and Halobacteria (Euryarchaeota) were the most abundant in the soils of this area, which are common in high salinity environments. Accordingly, microbes that can adapt to local extremes typically have unique metabolic pathways and functions, such as chemoheterotrophy, aerobic chemoheterotrophy, nitrogen fixation, ureolysis, nitrate reduction, fermentation, dark hydrogen oxidation, and methanogenesis. Methanogenesis pathways include hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, CO
reduction with H
, and formate methanogenesis. Thus, prokaryotic microorganisms in high salinity environments are indispensable in nitrogen and carbon cycling via particular metabolic pathways.
Spammers, who manipulate online reviews to promote or suppress products, are flooding in online commerce. To combat this trend, there has been a great deal of research focused on detecting review ...spammers, most of which design diversified features and thus develop various classifiers. The widespread growth of crowdsourcing platforms has created largescale deceptive review writers who behave more like normal users, that the way they can more easily evade detection by the classifiers that are purely based on fixed characteristics. In this paper, we propose a hybrid semisupervised learning model titled hybrid PU-learning-based spammer detection (hPSD) for spammer detection to leverage both the users' characteristics and the user-product relations. Specifically, the hPSD model can iteratively detect multitype spammers by injecting different positive samples, and allows the construction of classifiers in a semisupervised hybrid learning framework. Comprehensive experiments on movie dataset with shilling injection confirm the superior performance of hPSD over existing baseline methods. The hPSD is then utilized to detect the hidden spammers from real-life Amazon data. A set of spammers and their underlying employers (e.g., book publishers) are successfully discovered and validated. These demonstrate that hPSD meets the real-world application scenarios and can thus effectively detect the potentially deceptive review writers.
Public health newborn screening (NBS) programs provide population-scale ascertainment of rare, treatable conditions that require urgent intervention. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is currently ...used to screen newborns for a panel of rare inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs)
. The NBSeq project evaluated whole-exome sequencing (WES) as an innovative methodology for NBS. We obtained archived residual dried blood spots and data for nearly all IEM cases from the 4.5 million infants born in California between mid-2005 and 2013 and from some infants who screened positive by MS/MS, but were unaffected upon follow-up testing. WES had an overall sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 98.4%, compared to 99.0% and 99.8%, respectively for MS/MS, although effectiveness varied among individual IEMs. Thus, WES alone was insufficiently sensitive or specific to be a primary screen for most NBS IEMs. However, as a secondary test for infants with abnormal MS/MS screens, WES could reduce false-positive results, facilitate timely case resolution and in some instances even suggest more appropriate or specific diagnosis than that initially obtained. This study represents the largest, to date, sequencing effort of an entire population of IEM-affected cases, allowing unbiased assessment of current capabilities of WES as a tool for population screening.
•sDNA is fixed on reductive graphene oxide thanks to a metalloporphyrin through a stable link.•MnTPP/RGO platform provides to be a good candidate for direct DNA detection.•cDNA is detected with a ...detection limit of 6.1×10−14M by EIS measurement.
A novel electrochemical DNA sensor based on self-assembled nanocomposite of a π-conjugated structure of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and a modified manganese (III) tetraphenylporphyrin (MnTPP) was described. The composite MnTPP/RGO was formed through π−π stacking interactions between aromatic rings of graphene sheets and porphyrin macrocycle. Porphyrin molecules are versatile compounds that are easily functionalized with numerous reactive groups and also capable of incorporating many redox metals for electrochemical characterization. In this work, we synthesized the 5-4-(4-carboxypropanoxy)phenyl-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin functionalized with a carboxylic group designed for covalent attachment of 5′-amino single-strand DNA through stable amide link. The MnTPP/RGO platform was characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. We demonstrated that the two-dimensional structure and conjugated system of graphene allowed strong interactions of metalloporphyrins and their immobilization on the surface of graphene without loss structural and conductive properties of the graphene. Electrochemical investigations performed by square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provided that the RGO possessed excellent conductivity and facilitated the electron transfer of redox species. DNA immobilization and hybridization with complementary sequences lead to the change of electrochemical MnTPP/RGO properties. EIS demonstrated an increase of impedance after DNA probe grafting and hybridization. A detection limit of 6×10−14M has been calculated and a dynamic range of 100aM to 10pM has been shown. Selectivity of the biosensors has been investigated in presence of non-complementary and one-mismatched DNA sequence.
Imidazolium-based surface active ionic liquids (Im-SAILs) are based on imidazolium salts with long hydrophobic alkyl chains. Due to the delocalized electrons on the imidazole ring and the hydrogen ...bonding between imidazole rings, Im-SAILs can exhibit novel aggregation behavior that differs from that of conventional surfactants. In both the absence and presence of a solvent (such as water, organic solvents, and ionic liquids), Im-SAILs exhibit rich self-aggregation behavior and form various types of assemblies, including spherical micelles, wormlike micelles, nanosheets, nanorods, nanospheres, nanotubes, nanoclusters, vesicles, vesicle clusters, liquid crystals, planar bilayers and gels. Additives (including conventional surfactants, polymers, metal oxides, amino acids, and proteins) enhance the aggregation of Im-SAILs through the synergistic effects of multiple intermolecular interactions, such as electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and cation-π interactions; in some cases, the resulting assemblies can even respond to external stimuli, such as pH, temperature, light, organic solvent, and others. By effectively utilizing the versatile “designability” of ionic liquids and/or choosing suitable additives, the controllable self-assembly of new ordered molecular aggregates can be realized. These strategies are expected to lead to the discovery of novel “soft” materials and the development of aggregates with important and/or novel applications. Therefore, in this review, we first summarize the recent advances related to the assembly behavior of Im-SAILs. The roles of the surfactant and counter-ion structures are analyzed. The assembly of Im-SAILs in the presence of additives, including conventional surfactants, polymers, metal oxides, amino acids, and proteins, is then reviewed. At the end of this review, a prospective future involving Im-SAILs are discussed.
•Im-SAILs show rich aggregation behavior due to delocalized electrons and H-bonding.•Additives enrich assembly behavior of Im-SAILs via intermolecular interactions.•The topology and hierarchical self-assembly of aggregates can be finely controlled.•Aggregates responding to external stimuli are achieved by appropriate additives.
The pulsed current waveform is essential for the precise control of nugget size in resistance spot welding (RSW). Understanding this link may enable high-quality RSW for the emerging materials. To ...shed light on this issue, a 3D electrical-thermal-mechanical coupled model is developed to simulate transient multi-physical fields and nugget shapes in RSW. The effects of pulsed current waveforms on the heat evolution and nugget formation are elaborated. The model is validated by calculating nugget size and weld indentation well consistent with the experimental measurements. The results show that with the same energy input, although the continuous and pulsed currents can provide acceptable nugget sizes, the “ramp-up” pulsed current with a high initial current can well match the variations of temperature-dependent electric resistance and lead to an enlarged nugget size. The electrode temperature maintains at a low level with an extended electrode life. This work will provide a better understanding of the heat evolution and nugget formation during RSW process under different multi-pulsed current waveforms, and thus can help to select a proper current waveform.
Plant roots and soil prokaryotes primarily interact with each other in the rhizosphere. Changes in the rhizosphere prokaryotic structure are influenced by several factors. In this study, the ...community structure of the Potentilla anserina L. rhizosphere prokaryotes was identified and evaluated by high-throughput sequencing technology in different continuous cropping fields and developmental stages of the plant. In total, 2 archaeal (Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota) and 26 bacterial phyla were identified in the P. anserina rhizosphere. The bacterial community was mainly composed of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Moreover, the prokaryotic community structure of the rhizosphere varied significantly during plant development. Our results provide new insights into the dynamics of the P. anserina rhizosphere prokaryotic community and may provide useful information for enhancing the growth and development of P. anserina through artificial control of the soil prokaryotes.
Hemodialysis (HD) is the main treatment modality for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are highly prevalent in HD patients and are the leading cause of death in ...this population, with the mortality from CVD approximately 20 times higher than that of the general population. Traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors accelerate progression of CVD and exacerbate the prognosis in HD patients. This review provides a brief overview of the characteristics of CVD in HD patients, and a description of advances in its management.Hemodialysis (HD) is the main treatment modality for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are highly prevalent in HD patients and are the leading cause of death in this population, with the mortality from CVD approximately 20 times higher than that of the general population. Traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors accelerate progression of CVD and exacerbate the prognosis in HD patients. This review provides a brief overview of the characteristics of CVD in HD patients, and a description of advances in its management.
The biota from the Yingzuilazi Formation in the Baishan Basin yields a diverse fossil assemblage (including a new described ostracod species Cypridea horni sp. nov. Wang), which provides a valuable ...opportunity to investigate the evolution of major terrestrial plants and animals. However, the age of this biota is still controversial. To address this, we report a new SIMS zircon U–Pb age of 128.5 ± 1.0 Ma for the uppermost part of the Yingzuilazi Formation. This age, combined with our new ostracod biostratigraphic age from the Yingzuilazi Formation, indicate that the age of biota from the Yingzuilazi Formation is mainly Barremian (∼129 Ma to ∼127 Ma). It seems that the biota from the Yingzuilazi Formation temporal coincides with Jehol Biota sensu stricto stage I, but it is closely related to Jehol Biota sensu stricto stage II in terms of comprehensive biostratigraphic and paleontoloical materials. Therefore, this biota shows the significances not only in understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the Early Cretaceous terrestrial biotas in East Asia, but also in exploring the possible relationship between the terrestrial life evolution and the destruction processes of the North China Craton.
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