Infant morbidity and mortality rates remain high in Indonesia, with acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) and diarrhea the leading two health problems in children under 5 years. We aimed to describe the ...nutritional status, feeding practice and case management of ARI and diarrhea of infants from two regions of Indonesia during the first 6 months of life.
This study was an observational study conducted in parallel to an immunogenicity and efficacy trial of an oral rotavirus vaccine (RV3-BB) in the Klaten and Yogyakarta regions, Indonesia. Mothers were interviewed at 3 time points: within the first 6 days of their infant's life, and at 8-10 and 22-24 weeks of age. Questions asked included pregnancy history, infant nutritional status, feeding status and health of infants within up to 2 weeks prior to the assessment.
Between February 2013 and January 2014, 233 mother-infant pairs were recruited. 60% (136/223) of infants were exclusively breastfed (EBF) until 6 months of age with the strongest support for EBF reported by mothers themselves 70% (101/223) and 25% (36/223) from their partners. At 6 months, 6% (14/223) of infants were underweight and severely underweight; 4% (8/ 223) wasted and severely wasted; and 12% (28/223) were stunted and severely stunted. Non-recommended medication use was high, with 54% (21/39) of infants with reported cough within 2 weeks of an assessment receiving cough medication, 70% (27 /39) an antihistamine, 26% (10/39) a mucolytic and 15% (6 /39) an oral bronchodilator. At age 22-24 week, infants with reported diarrhea within 2 weeks of an assessment had low use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) (3/21;14%) and zinc therapy (2/ 21;10%).
In this unique observational study, breastfeeding rates of 60% at 6 months were below the Indonesian national target of >75%. Adherence to WHO guidelines for management of ARI and diarrhea was poor, with high use of non-recommended cough medications and oral bronchodilators in the first 6 months of life and low use of ORS and zinc therapy. Ongoing education of primary health care workers and parents regarding management of common illness is needed in Indonesia.
There is growing interest in the ways in which, and the values according to which, economic activity is undertaken. For instance, mutual ownership has been identified as one means of helping to ...'redeem' capitalism. This article engages with such issues by examining aspects of the behaviour of consumer cooperative societies in Scotland from the 1870s to the 1960s. It starts by discussing whether cooperatives represent a means of conceptualizing and undertaking economic activity that provides an alternative to the paradigm of investor-led (neo)liberal capitalism. From this, and an outline history of consumer cooperatives in Scotland, it identifies two variables—dividend on purchases and funds for education—as proxies for the values underpinning cooperatives' economic behaviour. Analysis of these variables indicates the existence of distinct cultures of cooperation, notably in the Glasgow and Edinburgh areas. The article concludes by offering two 'lessons from history' for those interested in alternative economic networks. The first is that cooperation can, and has, conceptualized and sustained an alternative to the dominant (neo) liberal economic paradigm. The second is that the scaling-up of such voluntaristic economic thought and behaviour is unlikely to present a macro-level challenge to it.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the shrinkage strain rate of different monomers, which are commonly used in dental composites and the effect of monomer functionality and molecular mass ...on the rate.
Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, MMA, HEMA, HPMA and different ratios of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA were mixed with Camphorquinone and Dimethyl aminoethyle methacrylate as initiator system. The shrinkage strain of the samples photopolymerised at Ca. 550
mW/cm
2 and 23
°C was measured using the bonded-disk technique of Watts and Cash (Meas. Sci. Technol. 2 (1991) 788–794), and initial shrinkage-strain rates were obtained by numerical differentiation.
Shrinkage-strain rates rose rapidly to a maximum, and then fell rapidly upon vitrification. Strain and initial strain rate were dependent upon monomer functionality, molecular mass and viscosity. Strain rates were correlated with Bis-GMA in Bis-GMA/TEGDMA mixtures up to 75–80w/w%, due to the higher molecular mass of Bis-GMA affecting termination reactions, and then decreased due to its higher viscosity affecting propagation reactions. Monofunctional monomers exhibited lower rates. UDMA, a difunctional monomer of medium viscosity, showed the highest shrinkage strain rate (
P
<
0.05
).
Shrinkage strain rate, related to polymerization rate, is an important factor affecting the biomechanics and marginal integrity of composites cured in dental cavities. This study shows how this is related to monomer molecular structure and viscosity. The results are significant for the production, optimization and clinical application of dental composite restoratives.
The Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, announced in September 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11.5% of the planet's land surface. This surpasses the 10% ...target proposed a decade earlier, at the Caracas Congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. Such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. Although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. In practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. Here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. We show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform-that is, 'one size fits all'-conservation targets.
Abstract Objective To evaluate the extent and rate of hygroscopic expansion of resin composites at 37 °C. Methods Eight resin composites were examined: 1 micro-hybrid (Bright Light® ), 5 nano-hybrids ...(Experimental Vertise™; Nanoceram-Bright® ; Tetric EvoCeram® ; Grandio® SO; Ceram X™ duo) and 2 flowables (X-tra base; Venus® Diamond Flow). Five disks (15 mm × 2 mm) of each material were prepared. The mean change in specimen diameter was recorded by a custom-built non-contact laser micrometer. Specimens were initially measured dry and then at fixed time intervals, over 150 days, after storage in distilled water at 37 ± 1 °C. Data were re-expressed in volumetric terms and analysed by repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test ( α = 0.05). Results The volumetric hygroscopic expansion ranged from 0.58 to 2.26 and can be considered in three bands. First, Experimental Vertise had the highest expansion ( p < 0.001). Venus Diamond Flow, Tetric EvoCeram and Ceram X duo were the second band. The third band, with still lower expansion, consisted of Bright light, Grandio So, Nanoceram-Bright and X-tra base , with no significant difference between them. Conclusion For the size (2 mm thickness) and shape of specimen measured, equilibrium was attained in all cases by 60 days. Within this set of resin-composites the equilibrium expansion varied by almost 400% of the lowest material.
We compared the outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in obese patients who previously underwent bariatric surgery and those who did not, in a matched cohort study.
There were 47 THAs in the ...bariatric group (42 patients), and 94 THAs in the comparison group (92 patients). The mean age of the patients was 57 years in both groups (24 to 79) and 57% of the patients in both groups were women. The mean time between bariatric surgery and THA was five years (four months to 12 years) in the bariatric group. The mean follow-up after THA was three years (2 to 9).
The mean BMI improved from 49.7 kg/m(2) (35 to 75) prior to bariatric surgery to 35.3 kg/m(2) (21 to 49) at the time of THA (p < 0.001). Patients in the comparison group had an increased risk of re-operation (Hazard Ratio (HR) 3.2; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.3 to 9.5, p = 0.01) and revision (HR 5.4; 95% CI 1.5 to 34.5, p = 0.01) when compared with the bariatric group.
Patients had a dramatic improvement in BMI after bariatric surgery and those with prior bariatric surgery had a lower risk of re-operation and revision in the short- and mid-term after a subsequent THA. Larger prospective studies are required before it can be concluded that this extra surgery should be advised in these patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1180-4.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the degree of conversion (DC) and shrinkage strain values of two representative resin-composites when irradiated by two ...light intensity levels, for different time periods.
Methods: The DC of Z100 and Tetric Ceram was measured by FTIR spectroscopy immediately post-cure and shrinkage strain values were obtained continuously for 30
min from photoinitiation with the bonded-disk technique. All samples were photopolymerized at an initial temperature of 23°C with the
Elipar Highlight unit under the following modes of variable light intensity (I) 40
s at 750
mW/cm
2; (II) a two-step ‘soft-start’ irradiation mode of 10
s at 200
mW/cm
2 plus 30
s at 750
mW/cm
2; (III) 40
s at 200
mW/cm
2; and (IV) 10
s at 200
mW/cm
2. Temperature effects of the light and curing exotherm were not eliminated.
Results: Mode II of irradiation did not reduce the DC for each material, relative to the values obtained with mode I (
p>0.05). The corresponding shrinkage strain values after 30
min were also not significantly different (
p>0.05). However, the effects of reduced light intensity levels for 10
s and 40
s (modes III and IV), were in agreement with previous findings implying reduced shrinkage strain levels. For both resin composites, data from all curing times and light-intensities gave a linear regression relationship (with
r
2>0.99) between the bonded-disk shrinkage strain versus DC values.
Significance: For the materials and light-intensities studied, the correlation between DC and shrinkage strain values means that some reductions in the problems of shrinkage may be achieved by an acceptable reduction in DC. However, this must also be consistent with generating adequate curing performance in the resin-network. Nevertheless, DC is not the exclusive parameter describing network character and a fuller understanding of the latter is an important research goal.
Abstract Objectives To assess the variable concentrations of several metal salts on human oligodendrocyte MO3.13 and human gingival fibroblasts HGF and to enable any difference in cell type ...sensitivity to be examined. Methods Cytotoxicity was measured as mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity assessed by MTT assay. The mean of the 50% response (TC50) was calculated by using equation-fitting software (TableCurve 2D). Results The results of the MTT assay showed that metal ions induce reproducible cytotoxic effects in MO3.13 oligodendroglia and human gingival fibroblasts, that is dose dependent on the tested agent. Cadmium relatively showed the highest cytotoxic effects on MO3.13 cells (TC50 9.8 μM) whereas mercury showed the highest cytotoxic effects on HGF (TC50 74 μM) comparing with other tested metals. The two cell types responded differently. MO3.13 cells were more sensitive than the HGF to most of the metals. Conclusion Metals have a wide range of toxicity to human oligodendroglial cells (MO3.13) and human gingival fibroblasts. Fortunately, however, in vivo the normal levels of these metals are much lower than those determined as toxic in vitro.
3D tooth models were virtually restored: flowable composite resin + bulk-fill composite (A), glass ionomer cement + bulk-fill composite (B) or adhesive + bulk-fill composite (C). Polymerization ...shrinkage and masticatory loads were simulated. All models exhibited the highest stress concentration at the enamel-restoration interfaces. A and C showed similar pattern with lower magnitude in A in comparison to C. B showed lower stress in dentine and C the highest cusps displacement. The use of glass ionomer cement or flowable composite resin in combination with a bulk-fill composite improved the biomechanical behavior of deep class II MO cavities.
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