The 3-dimensional (3-D) functional organization of the cat's inferior colliculus (IC) was examined using the 2-deoxyglucose method. Animals were dichotically stimulated with pure tone stimuli at an ...intensity of 80 dB SPL. Autoradiographic sections from these animals, cut in the three standard planes, were serially reconstructed to reveal the 3-D topography of the isofrequency sheets of labelling. In all 3-D reconstructions, the isofrequency sheets extend rostrocaudally through the IC with the rostral aspect of the sheet being situated more ventral than its caudal aspect. In the mediolateral dimension, sheets are angled at between 40° and 60° to the horizontal, running from a dorsomedial to a ventrolateral position. The low-frequency sheets (0.5 and 2 kHz) are dorsolaterally convex and situated in the dorsolateral region of the IC. The 4 and 10 kHz isofrequency sheets have a helical structure and are situated in the mid-region of the IC. The high-frequency sheets (20 and 30 kHz) are dorsolaterally concaved and situated in the ventromedial region of the IC. The topography of these isofrequency sheets generally agree with, and extended our knowledge of, the tonotopic organization of the IC as derived from electrophysiological studies. The functional organization revealed by the 2-deoxyglucose method only partially correlated with the neural laminae in the anatomical models of the IC proposed by Rockel and Jones J. Comp. Neurol. 147 (1973) 11–60 and Oliver and Morest J. Comp. Neurol. 222 (1984) 237–264. It is therefore concluded that the neural laminar organization of the IC may not be a necessary substrate for the tonotopic organization seen the IC.
Background. Pregnancy during general surgery residency has traditionally been discouraged. Methods. In 2001, using an approved protocol, we anonymously surveyed 25 residents (PGY3 level or greater) ...concerning their experiences working with each other during episodes of resident pregnancy and maternity leave. Results. From 1995 to 2001, 13 of 59 residents in general surgery were female (22%). While training, 6 of 13 residents reported 8 pregnancies with 2 miscarriages. Five residents (39%) gave birth to 6 children and adopted 1 child. Residents worked until the day of term delivery in 5 of 6 cases; 1 pregnancy was complicated by placental abruption at 33 weeks. Residents were off work postpartum for a median of 6 weeks (range 2-6). Nursing was universal for ≥ 3 months but at-work problems with privacy and stress were frequent. On survey, all resident mothers believed they had been treated very fairly, and 94% of surveyed male peers stated that the coworker's status had no effect or a positive effect on their own work life. Fatherhood was reported to occur during residency by 42% of male respondents. Conclusions. Parenthood during residency is frequent. The complexities of resident maternity can be handled with mutual safety, equity, and satisfaction by the residents and faculty of a surgical training program. (Surgery 2002;132:682-8).
The compact configuration of Phase II of the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) consists of both a redundant subarray and pseudo-random baselines, offering unique opportunities to perform sky-model and ...redundant interferometric calibration. The highly redundant hexagonal cores give improved power spectrum sensitivity. In this paper, we present the analysis of nearly 40 hours of data targeting one of the MWA's EoR fields observed in 2016. We use both improved analysis techniques presented in Barry et al. (2019) as well as several additional techniques developed for this work, including data quality control methods and interferometric calibration approaches. We show the EoR power spectrum limits at redshift 6.5, 6.8 and 7.1 based on our deep analysis on this 40-hour data set. These limits span a range in \(k\) space of \(0.18\) \(h\) \(\mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}\) \(<k<1.6\) \(h\) \(\mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}\), with a lowest measurement of \(\Delta^2\leqslant2.39\times 10^3\) \(\mathrm{mK}^2\) at \(k=0.59\) \(h\) \(\mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}\) and \(z=6.5\).
Infrared-faint radio sources (IFRS) are a class of radio-loud (RL) active galactic nuclei (AGN) at high redshifts (z > 1.7) that are characterised by their relative infrared faintness, resulting in ...enormous radio-to-infrared flux density ratios of up to several thousand. We aim to test the hypothesis that IFRS are young AGN, particularly GHz peaked-spectrum (GPS) and compact steep-spectrum (CSS) sources that have a low frequency turnover. We use the rich radio data set available for the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey fields, covering the frequency range between 150 MHz and 34 GHz with up to 19 wavebands from different telescopes, and build radio spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 34 IFRS. We then study the radio properties of this class of object with respect to turnover, spectral index, and behaviour towards higher frequencies. We also present the highest-frequency radio observations of an IFRS, observed with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer at 105 GHz, and model the multi-wavelength and radio-far-infrared SED of this source. We find IFRS usually follow single power laws down to observed frequencies of around 150 MHz. Mostly, the radio SEDs are steep, but we also find ultra-steep SEDs. In particular, IFRS show statistically significantly steeper radio SEDs than the broader RL AGN population. Our analysis reveals that the fractions of GPS and CSS sources in the population of IFRS are consistent with the fractions in the broader RL AGN population. We find that at least 18% of IFRS contain young AGN, although the fraction might be significantly higher as suggested by the steep SEDs and the compact morphology of IFRS. The detailed multi-wavelength SED modelling of one IFRS shows that it is different from ordinary AGN, although it is consistent with a composite starburst-AGN model with a star formation rate of 170 solar masses per year.
The cholestatic bile acid taurolithocholate (TLC) inhibits biliary secretion of organic anions and hepatic uptake of taurocholate (TC). TLC has been suggested to induce retrieval of Mrp2 from the ...canalicular membrane via the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/PKB-dependent activation of novel protein kinase Cepsilon (nPKCepsilon) in rat hepatocytes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether TLC-induced inhibition of TC uptake may also involve PI3K-dependent activation of PKCepsilon in HuH7 cells stably transfected with human Na(+)-dependent TC-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) (HuH-NTCP cells). To avoid direct competition for uptake, cells were pretreated with TLC, washed, and then incubated with (3)H-TC to determine TC uptake. TLC produced time- and dose-dependent inhibition of TC uptake. TLC inhibited TC uptake competitively without affecting NTCP membrane translocation. A PI3K inhibitor failed to reverse TLC-induced TC uptake inhibition and TLC-inhibited PKB phosphorylation. TLC did activate nPKCepsilon as evidenced by increased membrane translocation and nPKCepsilon-Ser(729) phosphorylation. Overexpression of dominant negative-nPKCepsilon reversed TLC-induced inhibition of PKB phosphorylation but not of TC uptake. Finally, cAMP prevented TLC-induced inhibition of TC uptake via the PI3K pathway, and the prevention is due to the sum of cAMP-induced stimulation and TLC-induced inhibition of TC uptake. Taken together, these results suggest that TLC-induced inhibition of PKB, but not of TC uptake, is mediated via nPKCepsilon. Activation of nPKCepsilon and inhibition of TC uptake by TLC are not mediated via the PI3K/PKB pathway.
This study tested the alternative hypotheses of W
einbetg
et al. (
J. clin. Psychol.
28, 361, 1976) and R
obertson (
Neuropsychologia
28, 217–222, 1990) regarding the nature of dysfunctions ...underlying impaired backward digit span among patients with unilateral neglect. Results support the Weinberg
et al. hypothesis that visual imagery plays a primary role in performance of Digits Backward. The findings also indicate a unilateral component to the Digits Backward task. Both neglecting and non-neglecting patients with high digit span discrepancy (DD) evidenced attentional bias to right space and a specific impairment in rotating objects in left space. Results were not consistent with Robertson's hypothesis that high DD arises from a general attentional deficit. In fact, patients with low DD evidence greatest impairment on tests of attention.
We compute the spherically-averaged power spectrum from four seasons of data obtained for the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) project observed with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). We measure the EoR ...power spectrum over \(k= 0.07-3.0~h\)Mpc\(^{-1}\) at redshifts \(z=6.5-8.7\). The largest aggregation of 110 hours on EoR0 high-band (3,340 observations), yields a lowest measurement of (43~mK)\(^2\) = 1.8\(\times\)10\(^3\) mK\(^2\) at \(k\)=0.14~\(h\)Mpc\(^{-1}\) and \(z=6.5\) (2\(\sigma\) thermal noise plus sample variance). Using the Real-Time System to calibrate and the CHIPS pipeline to estimate power spectra, we select the best observations from the central five pointings within the 2013--2016 observing seasons, observing three independent fields and in two frequency bands. This yields 13,591 2-minute snapshots (453 hours), based on a quality assurance metric that measures ionospheric activity. We perform another cut to remove poorly-calibrated data, based on power in the foreground-dominated and EoR-dominated regions of the two-dimensional power spectrum, reducing the set to 12,569 observations (419 hours). These data are processed in groups of 20 observations, to retain the capacity to identify poor data, and used to analyse the evolution and structure of the data over field, frequency, and data quality. We subsequently choose the cleanest 8,935 observations (298 hours of data) to form integrated power spectra over the different fields, pointings and redshift ranges.
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