Continental shale oil has two types, low-medium maturity and medium-high maturity, and they are different in terms of resource environment, potential, production methods and technologies, and ...industrial evaluation criteria. In addition, continental shale oil is different from the shale oil and tight oil in the United States. Scientific definition of connotations of these resource types is of great significance for promoting the exploration of continental shale oil from “outside source” into “inside source” and making it a strategic replacement resource in the future. The connotations of low-medium maturity and medium-high maturity continental shale oils are made clear in this study. The former refers to the liquid hydrocarbons and multiple organic matter buried in the continental organic-rich shale strata with a burial depth deeper than 300 m and a Ro value less than 1.0%. The latter refers to the liquid hydrocarbons present in organic-rich shale intervals with a burial depth that in the “liquid window” range of the Tissot model and a Ro value greater than 1.0%. The geological characteristics, resource potential and economic evaluation criteria of different types of continental shale oil are systematically summarized. According to evaluation, the recoverable resources of in-situ conversion technology for shale oil with low-medium maturity in China is about (700–900)×108 t, and the economic recoverable resources under medium oil price condition ($ 60–65/bbl) is (150–200)×108 t. Shale oil with low-medium maturity guarantees the occurrence of the continental shale oil revolution. Pilot target areas should be optimized and core technical equipment should be developed according to the key parameters such as the cumulative production scale of well groups, the production scale, the preservation conditions, and the economics of exploitation. The geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 100×108 t, and the recoverable resources can to be determined after the daily production and cumulative production of a single well reach the economic threshold. Continental shale oil and tight oil are different in lithological combinations, facies distribution, and productivity evaluation criteria. The two can be independently distinguished and coexist according to different resource types. The determination of China's continental shale oil types, resources potentials, and tight oil boundary systems can provide a reference for the upcoming shale oil exploration and development practices and help the development of China's continental shale oil.
In-situ conversion processing (ICP) of shale oil underground at the depth ranging from 300 m to 3 000 m is a physical and chemical process caused by using horizontal drilling and electric heating ...technology, which converts heavy oil, bitumen and various organic matter into light oil and gas in a large scale, which can be called “underground refinery”. ICP has several advantages as in CO2 capture, recoverable resource potential and the quality of hydrocarbon output. Based on the geothermal evolution mechanism of organic materials established by Tissot et al., this study reveals that in the nonmarine organic-rich shale sequence, the amount of liquid hydrocarbon maintaining in the shale is as high as 25% in the liquid hydrocarbon window stage (Ro less than 1.0%), and the unconverted organic materials (low mature-immature organic materials) in the shale interval can reach 40% to 100%. The conditions of organic-rich shale suitable for underground in-situ conversion of shale oil should be satisfied in the following aspects, TOC higher than 6%, Ro ranging between 0.5% and 1%, concentrated thickness of organic-rich shale greater than 15 meters, burial depth less than 3 000 m, covering area bigger than 50 km2, good sealing condition in both up- and down-contacting sequences and water content smaller than 5%, etc. The shale oil resource in China's onshore region is huge. It is estimated with this paper that the technical recoverable resource reaches 70−90 billion tons of oil and 60−65 trillion cubic meters of gas. The ICP of shale oil underground is believed to be a fairway to find big oil in the source kitchen in the near future. And it is also believed to be a milestone to keep China long-term stability of oil and gas sufficient supply by putting ICP of shale oil underground into real practice in the future.
Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5% at buried depth ...of more than 300 m, and is an important type of source-rock oil and gas. Based on the evolution model of oil generation and expulsion in organic-rich shale series controlled by maturity, continental shale oil is divided into two types: medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity. (1) The continental shale series in China develop high-quality source rocks of freshwater and saltwater lacustrine facies, as well as multiple types of reservoirs, including clastic rocks, carbonate rocks, diamictite, tuff and shale, forming a number of “sweet sections” and “sweet areas” of continuous distribution inside or near source rocks, which have large scale resources. (2) Experimental analysis of organic rich shale samples shows that the shale samples with wavy and horizontal beddings have good storage conditions, and the horizontal permeability of shale is tens to hundreds of times of its vertical permeability, which is conducive to the lateral migration and accumulation of shale oil in the source rocks. (3) After evaluation, the geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 10 billion tons, which can be effectively developed by horizontal drilling and volumetric fracturing, and will be a practical field of oil exploration in recent years. Shale oil with medium and low maturity has huge resource potential, and technological recoverable resources of (70–90) billion tons, making it a strategic alternative resource of oil industry. However, economic development of this type of shale oil needs in-situ conversion technology breakthroughs. Continental shale oil is an inevitable choice in the process of Chinese continental petroleum exploration from “outside source” to “inside source”. Making breakthroughs in the core technologies such as “sweet area” evaluation and optimization, horizontal well volume fracturing and in-situ conversion technology and equipment is the key to realizing scale development of continental shale oil economically.
•Thermal resistances of two grooved vapor chambers were experimentally studied.•Power input and charging ratio were two factors affecting its thermal performance.•Spreading resistance dominated in ...the total thermal resistance of vapor chamber.•Charging ratio affected effective thermal conductivity, hence spreading resistance.
Thermal spreading resistance problem is encountered when the heat spreader is subjected to a concentrated heat source, which has attracted researchers’ attention for decades with the increasing heat flux of electronic packages or power electronic devices. Vapor chamber heat spreader has been regarded as one promising solution to this problem for its excellent thermal performance. In this work, two kinds of groove wick structure, i.e., radial groove and cross groove, copper-water vapor chamber heat spreader were fabricated and tested for their thermal performance. The dimension of the vapor chamber heat spreader was 120 mm × 120 mm × 7.5 mm. It was sandwiched between a heater copper block and an air-cooled aluminum heat sink. The effective heating area was 30 mm × 30 mm. The power input varied from 60 W to 350 W. Test results demonstrated that the thermal spreading resistance played an important role in the total thermal resistance of the vapor chamber heat spreader. In addition, the influence of charging ratio on the thermal spreading resistance of the vapor chamber was also numerically investigated.
A novel carbon solid acid catalyst was synthesized by the sulfonation of carbonaceous material which was prepared by carbonization of sucrose using 4-BDS as a sulfonating agent. TEM, N2 ...adsorption-desorption, elemental analysis, XPS and FT-IR were used to characterize the catalyst. Then, the catalyst was applied for the conversion of xylose and corn stalk into furfural in GVL. The influence of the reaction time, temperature and dosage of catalyst on xylose dehydration were also investigated. The Brønsted acid catalyst exhibited high activity in the dehydration of xylose, with a high furfural yield of 78.5% at 170°C in 30min. What's more, a 60.6% furfural yield from corn stalk was achieved in 100min at 200°C. The recyclability of the sulfonated carbon catalyst was perfect, and it could be reused for 5times without the loss of furfural yields.
The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas ...reservoirs. The evaluation criteria of source rocks are different in the future exploration in self-sourced petroleum systems. Shales are deposited in deep/semi-deep lacustrine, with low sedimentation rate and chemical depositions of various degrees, while mudstones are mostly formed in shallow lacustrine/lakeside, with high deposition rate and density flow characteristics. Three factors contribute to the enrichment of organic matter in shales, including the “fertility effect” caused by volcanic ash deposition and hydrothermal injection, excessive and over-speed growth of organisms promoted by radioactive materials, and deep-water anaerobic environment and low sedimentation rate to protect the accumulation of organic matter from dilution. Lamellations in shales are easy to be stripped into storage space, and acid water produced during hydrocarbon generation can dissolve some particles to generate new pores. The massive mudstones with high clay content are of poor matrix porosity. Shales with high total organic carbon, developed laminations, relatively good reservoir property, and high brittle mineral content, are the most favorable lithofacies for shale oil exploration and development. It is necessary to conduct investigation on the differences between shale and mudstone reservoirs, to identify resources distribution in shale and mudstone formations, determine the type and standard of “sweet-spot” evaluation parameters, optimize “sweet-spot areas/ sections”, and adopt effective development technologies, which is of great significance to objectively evaluate the total amount and economy of shale oil resources, as well as the scale of effective exploitation.
With the increasing shortage of land resources and people's attention to the ecological environment, the application of microbial fertilizer with natural soil microorganisms as the main component has ...attracted increasing attention in saline agriculture. In this study, two salt-tolerant strains, YL07 (
) and YL10 (
), were isolated from maize (
L.) rhizosphere soil with a saturated conductivity (EC
) of 6.13 dS/m and pH of 8.32 (Xinjiang, China). The effects of
WZYH01 (YL07) and
WZYH02 (YL10) on the growth and development of maize (
L.) under salt stress (EC
= 5.9 dS/m) were further studied. The results showed that compared with uninoculation, inoculation with
WZYH01 and
WZYH02 significantly improved maize growth performance, biomass yield, and antioxidant levels under salt stress, and the effect of
WZYH02 was more prominent than the effect of
WZYH01. Moreover, inoculation with
WZYH01 and
WZYH02 protected maize from salt stress by regulating plant hormone IAA and abscisic acid (ABA) levels and increasing nutrient acquisition. In addition, the tested strains were most efficient for maize growth and health, increasing the content of K
accompanied by an effective decrease in Na
in maize tissues. The transcription levels of salt tolerance genes (
,
,
,
, and
) in inoculated maize were also dramatically higher than the transcription levels of the specified salt tolerance genes in uninoculated maize. In conclusion,
WZYH01 and
WZYH02 can alleviate the harmful effects of salt stress on crop growth, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural development.
Organization of the genome into euchromatin and heterochromatin appears to be evolutionarily conserved and relatively stable during lineage differentiation. In an effort to unravel the basic ...principle underlying genome folding, here we focus on the genome itself and report a fundamental role for L1 (LINE1 or LINE-1) and B1/Alu retrotransposons, the most abundant subclasses of repetitive sequences, in chromatin compartmentalization. We find that homotypic clustering of L1 and B1/Alu demarcates the genome into grossly exclusive domains, and characterizes and predicts Hi-C compartments. Spatial segregation of L1-rich sequences in the nuclear and nucleolar peripheries and B1/Alu-rich sequences in the nuclear interior is conserved in mouse and human cells and occurs dynamically during the cell cycle. In addition, de novo establishment of L1 and B1 nuclear segregation is coincident with the formation of higher-order chromatin structures during early embryogenesis and appears to be critically regulated by L1 and B1 transcripts. Importantly, depletion of L1 transcripts in embryonic stem cells drastically weakens homotypic repeat contacts and compartmental strength, and disrupts the nuclear segregation of L1- or B1-rich chromosomal sequences at genome-wide and individual sites. Mechanistically, nuclear co-localization and liquid droplet formation of L1 repeat DNA and RNA with heterochromatin protein HP1α suggest a phase-separation mechanism by which L1 promotes heterochromatin compartmentalization. Taken together, we propose a genetically encoded model in which L1 and B1/Alu repeats blueprint chromatin macrostructure. Our model explains the robustness of genome folding into a common conserved core, on which dynamic gene regulation is overlaid across cells.
The remodeling of root architecture is regarded as a major development to improve the plant’s adaptivity to phosphate (Pi)-deficient conditions. The WRKY transcription factors family has been ...reported to regulate the Pi-deficiency-induced systemic responses by affecting Pi absorption or transportation. Whether these transcription factors act as a regulator to mediate the Pi-deficiency-induced remodeling of root architecture, a typical local response, is still unclear. Here, we identified an Arabidopsis transcription factor, WRKY33, that acted as a negative regulator to mediate the Pi-deficiency-induced remodeling of root architecture. The disruption of WRKY33 in wrky33-2 mutant increased the plant’s low Pi sensitivity by further inhibiting the primary root growth and promoting the formation of root hair. Furthermore, we revealed that WRKY33 negatively regulated the remodeling of root architecture by controlling the transcriptional expression of ALMT1 under Pi-deficient conditions, which further mediated the Fe3+ accumulation in root tips to inhibit the root growth. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a previously unrecognized signaling crosstalk between WRKY33 and the ALMT1-mediated malate transport system to regulate the Pi deficiency responses.
The epitaxial growth of high-index Fe films on MgO(113) substrates is successfully achieved using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering, despite the significant lattice constant mismatch between ...Fe and MgO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is employed to characterize the crystal structure of Fe films, revealing an Fe(103) out-of-plane orientation. Furthermore, our investigation reveals that the Fe010 direction is parallel to the MgO11¯0 direction within the films plane. These findings provide valuable insights into the growth of high-index epitaxial films on substrates with large lattice constant mismatch, thereby contributing to the advancement of research in this field.
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