Ascertaining whether and the extent to which different aspects of parenting are associated with prosocial behaviors could inform parenting programs in cultivating healthy development. Multilevel ...meta‐analyses (k = 124) involving children and adolescents were conducted to examine associations between parenting and prosocial behaviors while accounting for demographic and study characteristics. Authoritative parenting (r = .174, p < .001) was associated positively whereas authoritarian parenting (r = −.107, p < .001) was associated negatively with prosocial behaviors. These associations remained robust across infancy, childhood, and adolescence in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. These associations also were invariant across child and parent gender. Moderating effects relevant to the type of prosocial behaviors under examination were identified. Authoritative parenting was associated positively with general, public, emotional, anonymous, dire, compliant, and other specific types of prosocial behaviors (e.g., sharing), but associated negatively with altruistic prosocial behaviors. Authoritarian parenting was associated negatively with general and altruistic prosocial behaviors, but not other specific types. Moderating effects relevant to study design and informant of parenting were found. No moderating effects were identified for the informant and target of prosocial behaviors. Associations of permissive (r = −.096, p < .01) and neglecting parenting (r = −.054, p = .543) remain unclear due to insufficient number of studies and publication biases. Implications for theories, research, and practice are discussed.
Children’s risk of poorer mental health due to the COVID-19 pandemic may depend on risk and protective factors heading into the pandemic. This study examined same-day associations between COVID-19 ...stressors and children’s mental health using a daily diary design across 14 days, and considered the moderating roles of pre-pandemic peer victimization experiences and resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; an indicator of cardiac regulatory capacity). Forty-nine Canadian children aged 8–13 years (
M
age
= 10.69, 29 girls) participated in the final wave of a longitudinal study just prior to the pandemic and a daily diary extension during the pandemic (
N
= 686 pandemic measurement occasions). Multilevel modeling indicated that children had poorer mental health on days when they experienced a COVID-19 stressor (e.g., virtual academic difficulties, social isolation). A three-way interaction indicated that this association was stronger for those with higher pre-pandemic peer victimization experiences and lower pre-pandemic resting RSA; however, highly victimized children with higher resting RSA did not experience poorer mental health on days with COVID-19 stressors. Findings offer preliminary insights into the preceding risk and protective factors for children’s mental health amidst major subsequent stress.
Emerging adulthood (ages 18–25) is a period of identity exploration, particularly for young adults navigating the transition to post-secondary school. Little is known about how changes in identity ...exploration may be related to emerging adults’ mental health, or the role of social support plays in identity-related processes. In the present study, associations among identity exploration, internalizing symptoms, and perceived social support were examined. Participants included a diverse group of emerging adults (
N
= 1,125,
M
age = 17.96 years) studying at a Canadian university. Random-intercept cross-lagged modeling demonstrated that within-person increases in exploration in breadth predicted fewer depressive symptoms over time, whereas within-person increases in exploration in depth predicted more depressive and anxious symptoms over time. A mediation effect from perceived support from significant other to depressive symptoms via exploration in breadth was also evident. Findings suggest that identity exploratory processes may be developmentally relevant in emerging adulthood, but their implications for mental health may differ. Perceived social support is also meaningfully related to identity exploration and mental health.
Parental guilt induction is thought to promote empathy and social attunement in Chinese cultures, whereas parental warmth is thought to facilitate prosocial development across diverse cultures. ...However, research on the relative roles of guilt induction and warmth and how they are associated with prosocial behaviors in Chinese communities has been limited. Additionally, the roles of paternal parenting and potential motivational mediators in non‐Western contexts remain largely unexplored. The present study considered both culturally prevalent (guilt induction) and universal (warmth) parenting practices and their associations with other‐ versus self‐oriented prosocial behaviors, as well as the mediating role of adolescents’ values (i.e., self‐transcendence vs. self‐transcendence). Gender and age differences were also examined. Participants were 439 Grades 7–11 adolescents (242 girls) from Hong Kong. Path analyses indicated that self‐transcendence values mediated the link between parental (maternal and paternal) warmth and both forms of prosocial behaviors. Self‐enhancement values mediated the link between maternal guilt induction and self‐oriented prosocial behaviors. Multigroup analyses revealed no significant gender and age differences. Current findings suggest that parental warmth is likely to facilitate prosocial behaviors through the cultivation of self‐transcendence values whereas guilt induction may facilitate values and prosocial behaviors that are more self‐oriented in Chinese contexts.
Emotion regulation is assumed to underlie academic achievement through different mechanisms (e.g., a positive orientation toward school and schoolwork, better mental health). However, few studies ...have contrasted these mediating mechanisms within a longitudinal analytic framework, which is necessary to determine which mechanism(s) are most likely to translate emotion regulation into academic success over time. The present study addressed this gap by examining whether children's emotion regulation capacities were associated with later academic achievement through school-related (i.e., school bonding and academic motivation) and mental health mediators (i.e., internalizing and externalizing symptoms). Participants included 300 4- and 8-year-old children (n = 150 in each age cohort; 50% female) and their caregivers from Canada. Measures were collected over 4 years. Path analyses indicated that higher emotion regulation (T1; age 4/8 years) was associated with better academic achievement 3 years later (T4; age 7/11 years) through stronger school bonding and lower internalizing symptoms in the interim (T2; age 5/9 years; the indirect effect through internalizing symptoms held after controlling for initial levels of internalizing symptoms). Significant effects were derived from both caregiver and child informants when applicable and indirect effects held across age cohorts and genders. Findings highlight the interplay of social-emotional, academic, and mental health development across childhood, as well as the potential benefits of extending academic interventions to the social-emotional and mental health domains.
This study examined whether the development of happy victimizing (HV) from early to middle childhood predicted prosocial and aggressive behaviors 3 years later. Participants included 150 children ...(50% female, Mage at study onset = 4.53 years) and their parents at four annual time points. At each time point, semi‐structured interviews were conducted to assess children's emotional expectations after committing hypothetical transgressions. Child and parent reports of children's prosocial behaviors and aggression were provided at the beginning and end of the study. Children who experienced faster declines in HV reported higher prosocial behaviors 3 years later, controlling for initial levels of prosocial behaviors. Children who exhibited increases or lesser declines in HV reported higher aggression at the study end. The development of HV was not related significantly to parent reports of prosocial behaviors and aggression in middle childhood. Findings confirm theorizing on the normative developmental trajectory of HV and suggest that deviations in HV across early childhood may partially explain later behavioral adjustment.
Surprisingly little research has considered whether parent-child activities facilitate social-emotional development and whether these associations differ for boys and girls. To address this gap, this ...study leveraged the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (2006-2008) to examine the extent to which story reading, storytelling and music activities longitudinally predicted social-emotional development. Parents reported the frequency of parent-child activities when children (N = 2567) were aged 3-6 and their social-emotional functioning two years later. Multi-group analyses indicated significant sex differences after controlling for family income. Story reading was negatively associated with hyperactivity and emotional/anxiety problems whereas storytelling was negatively associated with physical and indirect aggression among boys, but not girls. Storytelling and music activities were associated with lower hyperactivity among girls. More frequent parent-child activities predicted more prosocial behaviours among both boys and girls. This study highlights that each parent-child activity has its own distinctive implications on social-emotional functioning.
This study examined how parental autonomy support and control are conceptualized by adolescents in Hong Kong (Grades 7–11) using the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale. Competitive models were ...evaluated using confirmatory factor analyses. Although the 6‐factor model demonstrated the best fit, further analyses indicated that a second‐order structure was more appropriate. Provision of choice, acknowledgment of child's feelings, rationale for rules, and demands subsumed under autonomy support. Guilt‐inducing criticisms and the use of threats subsumed under control. Performance pressure emerged as a first‐order construct on its own. Measurement invariance was evident across adolescent gender and age. All subscales had adequate to strong reliability. Discriminate validity was evident. Findings offer insights into the conceptualization of autonomy support and control in Hong Kong.
This study examined adolescents’ perceived paternal and maternal parenting in relation to different types of prosocial behaviors. Adolescent gender and age were considered as moderators. Participants ...included 439 Grades 7–11 adolescents (55.13% girls) from five secondary schools in Hong Kong. Path analysis indicated that maternal and paternal autonomy support and maternal control were associated positively with compliant, public, and emotional prosocial behaviors. Paternal control was associated positively with emotional prosocial behaviors only. Paternal autonomy support and maternal control were associated positively with dire prosocial behaviors but negatively with altruistic ones. No age differences were found from multi-group analyses. However, significant gender differences were evident. Paternal autonomy support and maternal control were associated with boys’ and girls’ prosocial behaviors; maternal autonomy support and paternal control were associated with girls’ prosocial behaviors only. Findings suggest that paternal and maternal parenting are associated with prosocial behaviors in meaningful ways depending on adolescents’ gender.
Abstract
Background
Self-collected specimens have been advocated to avoid infectious exposure to healthcare workers. Self-induced sputum in those with a productive cough and saliva in those without a ...productive cough have been proposed, but sensitivity remains uncertain.
Methods
We performed a prospective study in 2 regional hospitals in Hong Kong.
Results
We prospectively examined 563 serial samples collected during the virus shedding periods of 50 patients: 150 deep throat saliva (DTS), 309 pooled-nasopharyngeal (NP) and throat swabs, and 104 sputum. Deep throat saliva had the lowest overall reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive rate (68.7% vs 89.4% sputum and 80.9% pooled NP and throat swabs) and the lowest viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) concentration (mean log copy/mL 3.54 vs 5.03 sputum and 4.63 pooled NP and throat swabs). Analyses with respect to time from symptom onset and severity also revealed similar results. Virus yields of DTS correlated with that of sputum (Pearson correlation index 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.62–0.86). We estimated that the overall false-negative rate of DTS could be as high as 31.3% and increased 2.7 times among patients without sputum.
Conclusions
Deep throat saliva produced the lowest viral RNA concentration and RT-PCR-positive rate compared with conventional respiratory specimens in all phases of illness. Self-collected sputum should be the choice for patients with sputum.
Deep throat saliva as a diagnostic specimen for COVID-19 has the advantage of being self-collected to minimize infectious exposure to healthcare workers. However, it is suboptimal in sensitivity. False-negative results may pose adverse impact on patient management and outbreak control.
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