•Pricing strategy has a huge impact on the choice of channel structure.•Pareto zone exists under uniform pricing strategy.•The threshold conditions for the portfolio strategy consisting of the ...pricing strategy and the channel structure to exist are derived.•Firms’ conflict can be the pricing strategy or the channel structure when jointly determining them.
This work is motivated by the emergence of increasing cooperation between retailers and third-party (3P) platforms in China. When both the manufacturer and the retailer can sell through 3P platforms, a question arises: Who should use a 3P platform channel? Having the option of more than one channel, the manufacturer and the retailer may adopt different pricing strategies: a uniform pricing strategy (UP strategy) or differentiated pricing strategy (DP strategy). This study explores the impact of the pricing strategy on the selection of the channel structure and the joint decision of the channel structure and pricing strategy. We establish a Stackelberg game with the manufacturer being the leader and consider three channel structures: the manufacturer uses the 3P platform channel (M), the retailer uses the 3P platform channel (R) and both of them use the 3P platform channel (MR). We find that the pricing strategy has a huge impact on the channel structure selection. Specifically, the intuitive result is that the manufacturer prefers MR, but the retailer prefers R under the DP strategy. However, under the UP strategy, both the manufacturer and the retailer prefer MR (Pareto zone) if the channel competition and the agency fee are low and prefer R (Pareto zone) otherwise. When both the manufacturer and the retailer jointly determine the pricing strategy and the channel structure, for the manufacturer, (MR, DP) is his best choice when the agency fee is reasonable, while the retailer's best choice may be (MR, UP) or (R, DP), depending on the channel competition and the agency fee. We also find that the inter-firm conflict can be reduced due to the manufacturer's use of UP strategy.
Flexible films possessing stable superhydrophobicity under external loading have great application potential in the emerging flexible electronics field. The effects of stretching and cyclic bending ...on superhydrophobicity and conductivity of the flexible films with wrinkled micro-nano hierarchical structures (W-FF) were investigated. Wrinkled micro-nano hierarchical structures were fabricated on a flexible film by pre-stretching, dipping and heating. Owing to that the interwoven network structures were always kept on the upper of the generated cracks and dendritic structures remained unchanged, the W-FF possessed stable superhydrophobicity and conductivity under stretching and cyclic bending. Effects of reaction time on the micro-nano hierarchical structures and superhydrophobicity were investigated. The formation mechanism of stable superhydrophobicity and conductivity of the W-FF under stretching and cyclic bending was studied by the characterization and comparison of the corresponding morphologies. The W-FF showed good motion sensing property when used as a real-time monitoring human motion sensor, such as monitoring facial muscle, wrist and finger movements. This superhydrophobic and conductive flexible film is expected to be applied in flexible electronics field.
The visual sensor of microcapsule has attracted great interest because of its application in damage reporting. In this work, a self-reactive microcapsule was designed that can report the damage via a ...color development. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the indicator dye was successfully encapsulated in the polymer shell adhered with surface activator. When the self-reactive microcapsules were damaged, the color of microcapsules turned into blue to highlight the damaged spot. The visual microcapsules were successfully applied for reporting the damage of shearing, pressuring and stretching in the polymer film, which illustrates the potential of proposed visual microcapsules for the surface damage reporting as a visual sensor.
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Concrete with superhydrophobicity can protect it from being eroded by water and reduce accumulation of dust. Herein, a green and efficient method was proposed for fabricating ...hierarchical structures on concrete surfaces with superhydrophobicity by directly replicating micro-nano dendritic structures from superhydrophobic copper mesh to fresh concrete. Microstructures, chemical compositions and wettability of the as-fabricated concrete were characterized. Superhydrophobicity of the as-fabricated concrete was studied. Effect of water jet on the as-fabricated concrete was investigated. Wetting durability of the as-fabricated concrete were studied. Self-cleaning property was confirmed. It was found that owing to the successful replication of micro-nano dendritic structures and low surface energy stearic acid, the as-fabricated concrete displayed good superhydrophobicity, wetting durability and self-cleaning property.
China's transport sector is facing enormous challenges from soaring energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Transport electrification has been viewed as a major solution to ...transportation decarbonization, and electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted considerable attention from policymakers. This paper analyzes the effects of the introduction of EVs in China. A system dynamics model is developed and applied to assess the energy-saving and emission-reducing impacts of the projected penetration of EVs until the year 2030. Five types of scenarios of various EV penetration rates, electricity generation mixes, and the speed of technological improvement are discussed. Results confirm that reductions in transport GHG emissions and gasoline and diesel consumption by 3.0%-16.2%, 4.4%-16.1%, and 15.8%-34.3%, respectively, will be achieved by 2030 under China's projected EV penetration scenarios. Results also confirm that if EV penetration is accompanied by decarbonized electricity generation, that is, the use of 55% coal by 2030, then total transport GHG emissions will be further reduced by 0.8%-4.4%. Moreover, further reductions of GHG emissions of up to 5.6% could be achieved through technological improvement. The promotion of EVs could substantially affect the reduction of transport GHG emissions in China, despite the uncertainty of the influence intensity, which is dependent on the penetration rate of EVs, the decarbonization of the power sector, and the technological improvement efficiency of EVs and internal combustion engine vehicles.
An unprecedented palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Ullmann-type cyclization of carbonyl-stabilized phosphonium ylides with aryl bromides was successfully developed. Furthermore, a base-promoted ...chemoselective hydrolysis of exocyclic P–C bond of the corresponding phosphonium salts delivered various phosphachromones. Excellent selectivity and high efficiency and good functional group tolerance were observed.
In this paper we tried to deepen Zagaria, Andò and Zennaro’s reflection on the problem of integrating psychology in their paper “Psychology: A Giant with Feet of Clay” (Zagaria et al.
Integrative ...Psychological and Behavioral Science, 54
, 3,
2020
). Psychology obtained this question from the uniqueness of its objects and it is an unavoidable question because of the social reality of modernity. We went back to the philosophical transitions on subject and proposed that Karl Marx’s thinking on the subjectivity of objective faculties can be the first principle for different schools and sub-disciplines, as it conceptualizes human beings as natural beings but with its consciousness of being from its social praxis. Thus, it provides a starting point of humanized psychology. Further direction and tasks for psychology is also examined under a call of psychology going back and entering into the life world.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) seek to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cause observed phenotypes. However, with highly correlated SNPs, correlated observations, and the ...number of SNPs being two orders of magnitude larger than the number of observations, GWAS procedures often suffer from high false positive rates.
We propose BGWAS, a novel Bayesian variable selection method based on nonlocal priors for linear mixed models specifically tailored for genome-wide association studies. Our proposed method BGWAS uses a novel nonlocal prior for linear mixed models (LMMs). BGWAS has two steps: screening and model selection. The screening step scans through all the SNPs fitting one LMM for each SNP and then uses Bayesian false discovery control to select a set of candidate SNPs. After that, a model selection step searches through the space of LMMs that may have any number of SNPs from the candidate set. A simulation study shows that, when compared to popular GWAS procedures, BGWAS greatly reduces false positives while maintaining the same ability to detect true positive SNPs. We show the utility and flexibility of BGWAS with two case studies: a case study on salt stress in plants, and a case study on alcohol use disorder.
BGWAS maintains and in some cases increases the recall of true SNPs while drastically lowering the number of false positives compared to popular SMA procedures.
Drama-in-Education workshops (DiE) emphasize on balancing between teacher’s delicate structuring and participants’ spontaneous exploration and creation in dramatic activities and thus can be a ...powerful liminoid space to scaffold and facilitate young people’s development. Still, more researches are needed to dig into and understand such a dynamic and complex process happening in the workshop. In this article, we presented the theoretical background of conceptualizing drama as a hybrid cultural-aesthetic form to identify its potential in educational guidance. The perspective of developmental cultural psychology was introduced to frame DiE practice as a catalytic process working on releasing and transforming participants’ developmental forces. The hierarchical levels of semiotic mediation in cultural psychology can help to capture participants’ affective and cognitive generalizations in semiotic forms and to perform a micro-genetic analysis of the flow of participants’ subjective experiences. We also provided a step-by-step analysis of a DiE practice working with young Chinese immigrants to illuminate our theoretical proposal.
Genome-wide association studies (GWASes) aim to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a given phenotype. A common approach for the analysis of GWAS is single marker analysis ...(SMA) based on linear mixed models (LMMs). However, LMM-based SMA usually yields a large number of false discoveries and cannot be directly applied to non-Gaussian phenotypes such as count data. We present a novel Bayesian method to find SNPs associated with non-Gaussian phenotypes. To that end, we use generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and, thus, call our method Bayesian GLMMs for GWAS (BG2). To deal with the high dimensionality of GWAS analysis, we propose novel nonlocal priors specifically tailored for GLMMs. In addition, we develop related fast approximate Bayesian computations. BG2 uses a two-step procedure: first, BG2 screens for candidate SNPs; second, BG2 performs model selection that considers all screened candidate SNPs as possible regressors. A simulation study shows favorable performance of BG2 when compared to GLMM-based SMA. We illustrate the usefulness and flexibility of BG2 with three case studies on cocaine dependence (binary data), alcohol consumption (count data), and number of root-like structures in a model plant (count data).
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