Development of an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst composed of earth-abundant elements is scientifically and technologically important for the water splitting associated with the ...conversion and storage of renewable energy. Herein we report a new class of Co–C–N complex bonded carbon (only 0.22 at% Co) for HER with a self-supported and three-dimensional porous structure that shows an unexpected catalytic activity with low overpotential (212 mV at 100 mA cm–2) and long-term stability, better than that of most traditional-metal catalysts. Experimental observations in combination with density functional theory calculations reveal that C and N hybrid coordination optimizes the charge distribution and enhances the electron transfer, which synergistically promotes the proton adsorption and reduction kinetics.
A novel type of sticky superhydrophobic cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanotube material is prepared by hydrothermal treatment without any chemical modification. A water droplet on the material surface shows ...a static water contact angle of about 157° but the water droplet is pinned on the material surface even when the material surface is turned upside down. Interestingly, the as‐prepared CeO2 nanotube material displays durable superhydrophobicity and enhanced adhesion to water under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. Importantly, this change in water adhesion can be reversed by heat treatment to restore the original adhesive value of 20 µL. Further, the maximum volume of the water droplet adhered on the material surface of CeO2 nanotubes can be regulated without loss of superhydrophobicity during the heating treatment/UV‐irradiation cycling. Meanwhile, the superhydrophobic CeO2 nanotube material shows remarkable thermal stability even at temperatures as high as 450 °C, long‐term durability in chemical environment, and air‐storage and good resistance to oily contaminant. Finally, the potential application in no‐loss water transportation of this sticky superhydrophobic CeO2 material is demonstrated.
The as‐prepared film with the hierarchical structures consisting of microbundles and secondary open‐ended CeO2 nanotubes shows superhydrophobicity and high water adhesion without any chemical modification. The obtained film displays a UV‐durable superhydrophobicity but UV/heat‐induced reversible water adhesion. This film also has good resistance to high temperatures, different pH values, and air‐storage and oily contamination.
Quadriceps training is necessary in function and activity of daily living for patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, it did not reduce the rate of surgical treatment for end-stage KOA in ...the long term. This may be related to brain structure changes and maladaptive plasticity in KOA patients. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) could enhance the functional connectivity of brain regions and improves maladaptive plasticity. However, the synergistic effect of the combination of the two for treat KOA is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether the High-Frequency rTMS combined with quadriceps strength training can improve the pain and function in KOA more effectively than quadriceps training alone and explore the mechanism of action.
This study is an assessor-blind, sham-controlled, randomized controlled trial involving 12 weeks of intervention and 6 months follow-up. 148 participants with KOA will receive usual care management and be randomized into four subgroups equally, including quadriceps strength training, high-frequency rTMS training, sham rTMS and quadriceps strength training, high-frequency rTMS and quadriceps strength training. The rehabilitation interventions will be carried out 5 days per week for a total of 12 weeks. All outcomes will be measured at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks during the intervention and 1 month, 3 months and 6 months during the follow-up period. The effectiveness outcomes will be included visual analog scale, isokinetic knee muscle strength, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome score and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey score; The act mechanism outcomes will be included motor evoked potential, grey matter density, white matter, subcortical nuclei volumes, cortical thickness and functional connectivity by MRI. Two-way of variance with repeated measures will be used to test the group and time effect for outcome measures.
The study will be the first protocol to examine whether there are synergistic effects following high-frequency rTMS combined with quadriceps strength training for treat KOA and clarify the mechanism of action. High-frequency rTMS can be added into the training program for KOA patients if it is proven effective.
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2300067617. Registered on Jan.13,2023.
Drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) is very common among children and adults and studies had found some related risk factors for DRE, while the results were not consistent. The aim of this study was to ...identify risk factors for drug-resistant epilepsy.
Three electronic databases (Medline, Embase and Cochrane library) were searched to identify studies with a cohort design reporting on epidemiologic evidence regarding risk factors for DRE.
The pooled prevalence of DRE in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients was 25% (95% CI 17-32%). Abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) (both slow wave and epileptiform discharges) (RR 2.80; 95% CI 1.95-4.0), status epilepticus (SE) (RR 11.60; 95% CI 7.39-18.22), symptomatic etiology (RR 3.36; 95% CI 2.53-4.46), multiple seizure types (RR 3.66; 95% CI 2.37-5.64) and febrile seizures (RR 3.43; 95% CI 1.95-6.02) were identified as strong risk factors for DRE. In addition, firm conclusions cannot be drawn for poor short-term outcomes of therapy, neurodevelopment delay and high initial seizure frequency for the heterogeneity of study results. The predictive effect of focus onset seizure was not stable after removing one study and switching the effect model. Age of onset was not risk factors for DRE.
The current meta-analysis identified potential risk factors for DRE. The results may contribute to better prevention strategies and treatments for DRE.
A large number of new causative and risk genes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been identified mostly in patients of European ancestry. In contrast, we know relatively little regarding ...the genetics of ALS in other ethnic populations. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the genetics of ALS in an unprecedented large cohort of Chinese mainland population and correlate with the clinical features of rare variants carriers.
A total of 1587 patients, including 64 familial ALS (FALS) and 1523 sporadic ALS (SALS), and 1866 in-house controls were analysed by whole-exome sequencing and/or testing for G4C2 repeats in
. Forty-one ALS-associated genes were analysed.
155 patients, including 26 (40.6%) FALS and 129 (8.5%) SALS, carrying rare pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants of ALS causative genes were identified.
was the most common mutated gene, followed by
,
,
,
and
. By burden analysis, rare variants in
,
and
contributed to the collective risk for ALS (p<2.5e-6) at the gene level, but at the allelic level
p.Gly294Val and
p.Arg521Cys and p.Arg521His were the most important single variants causing ALS. Clinically, P/LP variants in
and
were associated with poor prognosis, in
linked with younger age of onset, and
repeats tended to affect cognition.
Our data provide essential information for understanding the genetic and clinical features of ALS in China and for optimal design of genetic testing and evaluation of disease prognosis.
Hierarchical Mn2O3 hollow microspheres of diameter about 6–10 μm were synthesized by solvent-thermal method. When serving as anode materials of LIBs, the hierarchical Mn2O3 hollow microspheres could ...deliver a reversible capacity of 580 mAh g–1 at 500 mA g–1 after 140 cycles, and a specific capacity of 422 mAh g–1 at a current density as high as 1600 mA g–1, demonstrating a good rate capability. Ex situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum reveals that, for the first time, the pristine Mn2O3 was reduced to metallic Mn when it discharged to 0.01 V, and oxidized to MnO as it charged to 3 V in the first cycle. Furthermore, the XANES data demonstrated also that the average valence of Mn in the sample at charged state has decreased slowly with cycling number, which signifies an incomplete lithiation process and interprets the capacity loss of the Mn2O3 during cycling.
Li-rich layered oxide cathode materials are regarded as an attractive candidate of next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) to realize an energy density of >300 Wh kg–1. However, challenges such as ...capacity fade, cycle life, oxygen release, and structural transformation still restrain its practical application. Micro/nanotechnology is one of the effective strategies to enhance its structural stability and electrochemical performance. An in-depth understanding of the relationship between micro/nanostructures and the electrochemical performance of Li-rich layered oxides is undoubtedly important for developing high-performance cathode materials. Herein, Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 with different micro/nanostructures including irregular particles, microspheres, microrods, and orthogonal particles are synthesized. Starting from the amount of surface oxygen vacancies in the different structures, the influence of oxygen vacancies on every step during the charge–discharge processes is analyzed by experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations. It is indicated that intrinsic oxygen vacancies can enhance the electrical conductivity and decrease the energy barrier for ion migration, which exerts a significant influence on promoting the kinetics and capacity. Among the different micro/nanostructures, microrods with abundant oxygen vacancies can not only promote lithium ion transport but also stabilize a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) film by adjusting the distribution of surface elements with lower nickel content. The microrods deliver an initial discharge capacity of up to 306.1 mAh g–1 at 0.1C rate and a superior cycle performance with a capacity retention of 91.0% after 200 cycles at 0.2C rate.
Src homology containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) represents a noteworthy target for various diseases, serving as a well-known oncogenic phosphatase in cancers. As a result of the low ...cell permeability and poor bioavailability, the traditional inhibitors targeting the protein tyrosine phosphate catalytic sites are generally suffered from unsatisfactory applied efficacy. Recently, a particularly large number of allosteric inhibitors with striking inhibitory potency on SHP2 have been identified. In particular, few clinical trials conducted have made significant progress on solid tumors by using SHP2 allosteric inhibitors. This review summarizes the development and structure–activity relationship studies of the small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors for tumor therapies, with the purpose of assisting the future development of SHP2 inhibitors with improved selectivity, higher oral bioavailability and better physicochemical properties.
This review summarized the development and structure–activity relationship studies of the small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors, as well as the application of SHP2 inhibitors for tumor therapies. The discovery and development of each type inhibitors were discussed based on their chemotypes, activity, selectivity and cocrystal structures. Display omitted
Abstract
Ample evidence has suggested the stress etiology of depression, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood yet. Here, we report that chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) attenuates ...the excitatory output of the claustrum (CLA) to the prelimbic cortex (PL) through the dynorphin
/
κ-opioid receptor (KOR) signaling, being critical for depression-related behaviors in male mice. The CSDS preferentially impairs the excitatory output from the CLA onto the parvalbumin (PV) of the PL, leading to PL micronetwork dysfunction by disinhibiting pyramidal neurons (PNs). Optogenetic activation or inhibition of this circuit suppresses or promotes depressive-like behaviors, which is reversed by chemogenetic inhibition or activation of the PV neurons. Notably, manipulating the dynorphin/KOR signaling in the CLA-PL projecting terminals controls depressive-like behaviors that is suppressed or promoted by optogenetic activation or inhibition of CLA-PL circuit. Thus, this study reveals both mechanism of the stress etiology of depression and possibly therapeutic interventions by targeting CLA-PL circuit.
The relationships between plant viruses, their herbivore vectors and host plants can be beneficial, neutral, or antagonistic, depending on the species involved. This variation in relationships may ...affect the process of biological invasion and the displacement of indigenous species by invaders when the invasive and indigenous organisms occur with niche overlap but differ in the interactions. The notorious invasive B biotype of the whitefly complex Bemisia tabaci entered China in the late 1990s and is now the predominant or only biotype in many regions of the country. Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) are two whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses that have become widespread recently in south China. We compared the performance of the invasive B and indigenous ZHJ1 whitefly biotypes on healthy, TbCSV-infected and TYLCCNV-infected tobacco plants. Compared to its performance on healthy plants, the invasive B biotype increased its fecundity and longevity by 12 and 6 fold when feeding on TbCSV-infected plants, and by 18 and 7 fold when feeding on TYLCCNV-infected plants. Population density of the B biotype on TbCSV- and TYLCCNV-infected plants reached 2 and 13 times that on healthy plants respectively in 56 days. In contrast, the indigenous ZHJ1 performed similarly on healthy and virus-infected plants. Virus-infection status of the whiteflies per se of both biotypes showed limited effects on performance of vectors on cotton, a nonhost plant of the viruses. The indirect mutualism between the B biotype whitefly and these viruses via their host plants, and the apparent lack of such mutualism for the indigenous whitefly, may contribute to the ability of the B whitefly biotype to invade, the displacement of indigenous whiteflies, and the disease pandemics of the viruses associated with this vector.
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