Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder of premenopausal women worldwide and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic abnormalities. The clinical ...manifestations of PCOS include oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, ovarian polycystic changes, and infertility. Women with PCOS are at an increased risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes; me\tabolic syndrome; cardiovascular events, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia; gynecological diseases, including infertility, endometrial dysplasia, endometrial cancer, and ovarian malignant tumors; pregnancy complications, such as premature birth, low birthweight, and eclampsia; and emotional and mental disorders in the future. Although numerous studies have focused on PCOS, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease remain unclear. Mitochondria play a key role in energy production, and mitochondrial dysfunction at the cellular level can affect systemic metabolic balance. The recent wide acceptance of functional mitochondrial disorders as a correlated factor of numerous diseases has led to the presupposition that abnormal mitochondrial metabolic markers are associated with PCOS. Studies conducted in the past few years have confirmed that increased oxidative stress is associated with the progression and related complications of PCOS and have proven the relationship between other mitochondrial dysfunctions and PCOS. Thus, this review aims to summarize and discuss previous and recent findings concerning the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and PCOS.
Optical fiber shape sensing technology provides an excellent solution for the tracking and guiding of minimally invasive surgical instruments. However, when some large-deformed instrument operation ...tasks are involved, restricted by the operating environment, a significant torsion will be produced by the curved structure of the instrument, posing a threat to the accuracy of its shape reconstruction notably. In this paper we propose and experimentally illustrate a new distributed curvature and torsion measurement method based on optical frequency domain reflectometer using helical multi-core fibers. A theoretical model of total strain induced by the bending and torsion is established. Two diverse means of inverse algorithms to decouple bending and torsion are explored. The experimental results of two methods demonstrated that the torsion measurement errors are around 6.6% and 7.3%.
Population aging exerts a far-reaching influence on urban development. Currently, Guangzhou, seeing a faster pace of population aging, is experiencing this influence. This paper focuses on exploring ...practical solutions to the challenges posed by population aging by analyzing the current situation of population aging in Guangzhou. On this basis, it identifies several deficiencies in Guangzhou’s strategies for addressing population aging and provides recommendations for improvement. The results of this study hold reference value in probing into the issue of urban population aging in China.
Tissue Homeostasis and Inflammation Meizlish, Matthew L; Franklin, Ruth A; Zhou, Xu ...
Annual review of immunology,
04/2021, Volume:
39, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
There is a growing interest in understanding tissue organization, homeostasis, and inflammation. However, despite an abundance of data, the organizing principles of tissue biology remain poorly ...defined. Here, we present a perspective on tissue organization based on the relationships between cell types and the functions that they perform. We provide a formal definition of tissue homeostasis as a collection of circuits that regulate specific variables within the tissue environment, and we describe how the functional organization of tissues allows for the maintenance of both tissue and systemic homeostasis. This leads to a natural definition of inflammation as a response to deviations from homeostasis that cannot be reversed by homeostatic mechanisms alone. We describe how inflammatory signals act on the same cellular functions involved in normal tissue organization and homeostasis in order to coordinate emergency responses to perturbations and ultimately return the system to a homeostatic state. Finally, we consider the hierarchy of homeostatic and inflammatory circuits and the implications for the development of inflammatory diseases.
The controlled synthesis of high‐quality multilayer (ML) MoS2 flakes with gradually shrinking basal planes by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is demonstrated. These CVD‐grown ML MoS2 flakes exhibit ...much higher mobility and current density than mechanically exfoliated ML flakes due to the reduced contact resistance which mainly resulted from direct contact between the lower MoS2 layers and electrodes.
The ultrasound (US) diagnosis of breast cancer is usually based on a single-region of a whole breast tumor from a single ultrasonic modality, which limits the diagnostic performance. Multiple regions ...on multimodal US images of breast tumors may all have useful information for diagnosis. This study aimed to propose a multi-region radiomics approach with multimodal US for artificially intelligent diagnosis of malignant and benign breast tumors.
Firstly, radiomics features were extracted from five regions of interest (ROIs) on B-mode US and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) images, including intensity statistics, gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture features and binary texture features. The multiple ROIs included the whole tumor region, strongest perfusion region, marginal region and surrounding region. Secondly, a deep neural network, composed of the point-wise gated Boltzmann machine and the restricted Boltzmann machine, was adopted to comprehensively learn and select features. Thirdly, the support vector machine was used for classification between benign and malignant breast tumors. Finally, five single-region classification models were generated from five ROIs, and they were fused to form an integrated classification model.
Experimental evaluation was conducted on multimodal US images of breast from 187 patients with breast tumors (68 malignant and 119 benign). Under five-fold cross-validation, the classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Youden's index and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with our model were 87.1% ± 3.3%, 77.4% ± 11.8%, 92.4% ± 7.2%, 69.8% ± 8.6% and 0.849 ± 0.043, respectively. Our model was significantly better than single-region single-modal methods in terms of the AUC and accuracy (p < 0.05).
In addition to the whole tumor region, the other regions including the strongest perfusion region, marginal region and surrounding region on US images can assist breast cancer diagnosis. The multi-region multimodal radiomics model achieved the best classification results. Our artificially intelligent model would be potentially useful for clinical diagnosis of breast cancer.
•We propose an AI-based diagnosis system with multi-region multimodal radiomics to diagnose breast cancer.•Our model is significantly better than single-region single-modal methods in terms of AUC and accuracy.•Combining multi-regional radiomics features from multimodal images of breast tumors improves diagnosis accuracy.
Dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs), earthward propagating structures with enhanced northward magnetic field Bz, are usually believed to carry a distinctly different plasma population from that in the ...ambient magnetotail plasma sheet. The ion distribution functions within the DFB, however, have been recently found to be largely controlled by the ion adiabaticity parameter κ in the ambient plasma sheet outside the DFB. According to these observations, the ambient κ values of 2–3 usually correspond to a strong perpendicular anisotropy of suprathermal ions within the DFB, whereas for lower κ values the DFB ions become more isotropic. Here we utilize a simple, test particle model to explore the nature of the anisotropy and its dependence on the ambient κ values. We find that the anisotropy originates from successive ion reflections and reentries to the DFB, during which the ions are consecutively accelerated in the perpendicular direction by the DFB‐associated electric field. This consecutive acceleration may be interrupted, however, when magnetic field lines are highly curved in the ambient plasma sheet. In this case, the ion trajectories become stochastic outside the DFB, which makes the reflected ions less likely to return to the DFB for another cycle of acceleration; as a consequence, the perpendicular ion anisotropy does not appear. Given that the DFB ions are a free energy source for instabilities when they are injected toward Earth, our simple model (that reproduces most observational features on the anisotropic DFB ion distributions) may shed new lights on the coupling process between magnetotail and inner magnetosphere.
Key Points
Perpendicular anisotropic ion distributions observed behind dipolarization fronts are reproduced by test particle simulations
The anisotropy emanates from perpendicular acceleration of ambient ions when they experience successive reflections and reentries to the DFB
Successive acceleration may be interrupted when ambient magnetic field lines are highly curved, which causes a more isotropic distribution
A
bstract
Based on the jet image approach, which treats the energy deposition in each calorimeter cell as the pixel intensity, the Convolutional neural network (CNN) method has been found to achieve ...a sizable improvement in jet tagging compared to the traditional jet substructure analysis. In this work, the Mask R-CNN framework is adopted to reconstruct Higgs jets in collider-like events, with the effects of pileup contamination taken into account. This automatic jet reconstruction method achieves higher efficiency of Higgs jet detection and higher accuracy of Higgs boson four-momentum reconstruction than traditional jet clustering and jet substructure tagging methods. Moreover, the Mask R-CNN trained on events containing a single Higgs jet is capable of detecting one or more Higgs jets in events of several different processes, without apparent degradation in reconstruction efficiency and accuracy. The outputs of the network also serve as new handles for the
t
t
¯
background suppression, complementing to traditional jet substructure variables.
This paper considers specular reflection multipath exploitation by jointly designing the transmit waveform and receive filter for a colocated multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar system. The ...goal is to maximize the output signal-to-interference-pulse-noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver with a constant modulus constraint (CMC) on the transmit waveform. Assuming the multipath information to be known or partially known, we consider the waveform-filter design under two different cases. In the first case, the multipath information is exactly known. We devise Algorithm 1 to optimize the transmit waveform and receive filter alternatively. In the second case, the phase information of multipath reflection is unavailable. Under this situation, the minimax or robust waveform-filter design model is established; i.e., we maximize the worst-case SINR against the phase uncertainties. Algorithm 2 is proposed to solve the corresponding minimax optimization problem through alternating iterations. At each iteration, the closed form of optimal receive filter is derived, and waveform optimization is converted to a convex optimization problem through semi-definite relaxation (SDR). Finally, numerical experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. The Results demonstrate the superiority of the designed waveform-filter pair compared with some existing solutions.
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