In situ hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HX-PES) and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (SX-XAS) have been employed to investigate a local redox reaction at the carbon/Gd-doped CeO
2
(GDC) thin ...film heterointerface under applied dc bias. In HX-PES, Ce3d and O1s core levels show a parallel chemical shift as large as 3.2 eV, corresponding to the redox window where ionic conductivity is predominant. The window width is equal to the energy gap between donor and acceptor levels of the GDC electrolyte. The Ce M-edge SX-XAS spectra also show a considerable increase of Ce
3+
satellite peak intensity, corresponding to electrochemical reduction by oxide ion migration. In addition to the reversible redox reaction, two distinct phenomena by the electrochemical transport of oxide ions are observed as an irreversible reduction of the entire oxide film by O
2
evolution from the GDC film to the gas phase, as well as a vigorous precipitation of oxygen gas at the bottom electrode to lift off the GDC film. These in situ spectroscopic observations describe well the electrochemical polarization behavior of a metal/GDC/metal capacitor-like two-electrode cell at room temperature.
The Lattice-reduction aided MIMO receiver with virtual channels has been proposed that can increase transmission speed for a user in downlinks. Although the proposed receiver achieves superior ...performance even when the number of receive antennas is much less than that of spatially multiplexed streams, however, the receiver has more computational complexity than conventional lattice reduction-aided MIMO receivers. Then, this paper proposes novel techniques to reduce computational complexity for lattice-reduction aided MIMO receivers with virtual channels. In fact, the proposed techniques are shown to reduce the computational complexity to about 40 % of the original configuration in 8 × 2 MIMO-OFDM systems. Even if the proposed techniques are applied, the MIMO receiver is also shown to achieve superior performance in 10×2 MIMO-OFDM systems.
In this paper, we propose a lattice-reduction-aided MIMO receiver with virtual channel detection. The proposed receiver provides high-speed data transmission in downlink mobile communications by ...using lattice-reduction and a concept of virtual channel to increase the number of multiplexed signal streams that can be detected at the receiver. Numerical simulation shows that the receiver achieves bit error rate of 10 -4 at E b /N 0 of 30 dB, even when 8 signal streams are received by 2 antennas without any error correction coding.
To use for GEKKO XII Module glass laser system, we have developed an oscillator system, which consists of a mode-locked YAG laser, a pulse selector, a pulse shaper, and controller circuits. The ...mode-locked YAG laser oscillates at a wavelength of 1.052μm and gives out-put energy of 10 μJ/pulse. The pulse width is variable in a range from 90ps to 1.4ns. The pulse selector switches out a single pulse from a mode-locked pulse train with 50% transmittance. The ratio of the energy of the selected pulse to that of the unselected prepalses is greater than 108. The pulse shaper is of a passive type. It produces a shaped pulse whose envelope is determined by the requirements for target compression experiments.
Double-balloon enteroscope （DBE）-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） is an effective endoscopic approach for pancreatobiliary disorders in patients with altered ...gastrointestinal anatomy. Endoscopic interventions via DBE in these postoperative settings remain difficult because of the lack of an elevator and the use of extra-long ERCP accessories. Here, we report the usefulness of direct cholangioscopy with an ultra-slim gastroscope during DBE-assisted ERCP. Three patients with choledocholithiasis in postoperative settings （two patients after Billroth Ⅱ gastrojejunostomy and one patient after Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy） were treated. DBE was used to gain access to the papilla under carbon dioxide insufflation, and endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed with a conventional sphincterotome. For direct cholangioscopy, the enteroscope was exchanged for an ultra-slim gastroscope through an incision in the overtube, which was inserted directly into the bile duct. Direct cholangioscopy was used to extract retained bile duct stones in two cases and to confirm the complete clearance of stones in one case. Bile duct stones were eliminated with a 5-Fr basket catheter under direct visual control. No adverse events were noted in any of the three cases. Direct cholangioscopy with an ultra-slim gastroscope facilitates subsequent treatment within the bile duct. This procedure represents another potential option during DBE-assisted ERCP.
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