Macroautophagy initiates by formation of isolation membranes, but the source of phospholipids for the membrane biogenesis remains elusive. Here, we show that autophagic membranes incorporate newly ...synthesized phosphatidylcholine, and that CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase β3 (CCTβ3), an isoform of the rate-limiting enzyme in the Kennedy pathway, plays an essential role. In starved mouse embryo fibroblasts, CCTβ3 is initially recruited to autophagic membranes, but upon prolonged starvation, it concentrates on lipid droplets that are generated from autophagic degradation products. Omegasomes and isolation membranes emanate from around those lipid droplets. Autophagy in prolonged starvation is suppressed by knockdown of CCTβ3 and is enhanced by its overexpression. This CCTβ3-dependent mechanism is also present in U2OS, an osteosarcoma cell line, and autophagy and cell survival in starvation are decreased by CCTβ3 depletion. The results demonstrate that phosphatidylcholine synthesis through CCTβ3 activation on lipid droplets is crucial for sustaining autophagy and long-term cell survival.
This paper addresses a method of classifying modal clusters to realize resonance control. Especially in this paper, this method is applied to the simultaneous placement of resonance frequencies of ...the multiple modes belonging to a specified modal cluster through a structural modification to a limited subsystem. The method is useful for separating the resonance frequency of the modal cluster to be designed from the peak frequency of the excitation spectrum all at once. Therefore, the paper proposes a method to consider the multiple modes of a whole structure formed from the same mode of the subsystem belonging to the same modal cluster by using the modal contribution analysis method which is proposed by the authors. Then, under the above definition of a modal cluster, we introduce a method of moving the resonance frequencies of multiple modes belonging to the same modal cluster together without significantly changing the resonance frequencies of multiple modes belonging to other modal clusters. Finally, its usefulness is shown by a numerical example.
The colloidal tetramethylammonium niobate nanocrystals in the synthesized transparent aqueous sols were about 4 nm in size and had a crystal structure similar to layered hexaniobate.
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...► Highly water-dispersible niobate nanocrystals were synthesized at room temperature. ► The niobate nanocrystals were similar in crystal structure to M
4Nb
6O
17·
nH
2O. ► Oriented niobium oxide films were fabricated from the niobate colloidal solution by the sol–gel method. ► The orientation of the Nb
2O
5 films was attributed to the layered structure of the niobate.
Transparent aqueous sols of colloidal tetramethylammonium niobate nanocrystals were synthesized by mixing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), niobium ethoxide, and water at TMAOH/Nb
⩾
0.7 at room temperature. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the thin films prepared by evaporating the colloidal solutions on a glass substrate indicated that the colloidal niobate had a layered crystalline structure. Two types of layered structures are known as a layered niobate, i.e. M
4Nb
6O
17·
nH
2O and MNb
3O
8 (M
=
H, H
3O, or alkaline metal). Raman spectra and electron diffraction suggested that the niobate nanocrystals were similar in crystal structure to M
4Nb
6O
17·
nH
2O compounds. Moreover, when niobium oxide thin films were fabricated from the niobate colloidal solutions by the sol–gel method, oriented T-Nb
2O
5 thin films, whose
c-axis was parallel to the substrate surface, were obtained. The orientation of the thin films was probably attributed to the layered structure of the colloidal niobate nanocrystals.
Excimer laser coronary atherectomy (ELCA) is an effective treatment to remove intracoronary thrombi. In the present study, we compared in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial ...infarction (AMI) who underwent conventional treatment and conventional treatment plus ELCA. Among 656 patients who were admitted to our hospital through the Tokyo CCU Network, 104 patients with AMI who were treated by percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2013 and December 2016 met inclusions criteria and underwent conventional treatment with ELCA (ELCA group) and 89 underwent conventional treatment alone (conventional group). We retrospectively evaluated in-hospital mortality within 30 days and used propensity score (PS) matching to reduce assignment bias and multivariate analysis to detect the predictors of in-hospital mortality. In-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower in the ELCA group before and after PS matching (2.9% vs. 13.5%,
p
= 0.006 before PS matching, and 2.8% vs. 14.1%,
p
= 0.016 after PS matching). After PS matching, β-blocker or statins use, incidence of shock, Killip classification, and door-to-balloon time were not significantly different. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified ELCA, dyslipidemia, shock, and left ventricular ejection fraction as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR), 0.147, 95% confidence interval CI, 0.022–0.959,
p
= 0.045; OR, 0.077, 95% CI, 0.007–0.805,
p
= 0.032; OR, 6.494, 95% CI, 1.228–34.34,
p
= 0.028; OR, 0.890, 95% CI, 0.828–0.957,
p
= 0.002, respectively). Our data indicate that ELCA with the small diameter and low level emission may reduce the in-hospital mortality compared to conventional methods in patients with AMI in drug-eluting stent era.
This paper addresses the modular concept concurrent design of NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) performance. Recent development of modularization design in car companies requires the realization ...of the modularization of NVH design process. However, there are difficulties for the modularization design of the strong coupling vibration among each module. Modularization design requires the realization of concurrent design by two or more groups. In this case, a true concurrent design cannot be realized unless the problem that a slight structural modification seriously changes the characteristics of a whole structure due to the strong coupling is solved. In this paper, a concurrent modularization design method of NVH performance which utilizes the kCA (kernel Compliance Analysis) was proposed to overcome the strong coupling problem. The basic concept of the kCA is adopted for both the placement of resonance frequencies and the reduction of resonance responses of a whole structure, by the comprehension of resonance generation mechanism between coupled two subsystems. Therefore, the kCA was adopted in this paper as a basis of the proposed method to overcome the strong coupling problem. In the paper, it is shown that the proposed method provides the advantage of no rework at every stage of the design, from upstream to downstream, if two groups which design two subsystems separately follow the specifications which is decided by the proposed design method. Finally, the method was verified by a numerical case study.
This paper addresses the modular concept concurrent design of NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) performance. Recent development of modularization design in car companies requires the realization ...of the modularization of NVH design process. However, there are difficulties for the modularization design of the strong coupling vibration among each module. Modularization design requires the realization of concurrent design by two or more groups. In this case, a true concurrent design cannot be realized unless the problem that a slight structural modification seriously changes the characteristics of a whole structure due to the strong coupling is solved. In this paper, a concurrent modularization design method of NVH performance which utilizes the kCA (kernel Compliance Analysis) was proposed to overcome the strong coupling problem. The basic concept of the kCA is adopted for both the placement of resonance frequencies and the reduction of resonance responses of a whole structure, by the comprehension of resonance generation mechanism between coupled two subsystems. Therefore, the kCA was adopted in this paper as a basis of the proposed method to overcome the strong coupling problem. In the paper, it is shown that the proposed method provides the advantage of no rework at every stage of the design, from upstream to downstream, if two groups which design two subsystems separately follow the specifications which is decided by the proposed design method. Finally, the method was verified by a numerical case study.
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