The presence of cranial bones in the ultrasound propagation path seriously complicates the imaging of tissues and blood vessels of the brain since the bones distort the ultrasound field, introducing ...phase and amplitude aberrations. Such distortions are not always apparent since complete information about the studied object is fundamentally inaccessible. The article develops a new approach that uses the synthetic aperture method to detect wavefront aberrations. A quantitative parameter is proposed that characterizes the presence of aberrations by measuring the RMS width of the angular intensity distribution. Experimental results were obtained at a frequency of 2 MHz using phantom and
in vivo
transcranial data. It is shown that in the presence of aberrations, the value of the proposed parameter increases by 22–45% with respect to the theoretical value for the aberrationless case.
A fundamentally new approach to solving the problem of determining the size of structural formations in ultrasonic diagnostics is considered. The approach is based on the theoretically justified ...possibility of estimating the size of inhomogeneities of the studied medium by analyzing the statistical characteristics of an ultrasonic signal scattered on these inhomogeneities. This possibility is conditioned by the fact that the statistical distribution of ultrasound image data varies from Rayleigh distribution to Rice distribution depending on the relation between the coherence area size of the scattered signal and the beamwidth. The work aims at the development of a new method of statistical data analysis that will effectively detect a significant coherent component in the echo signal, thereby providing a mathematical tool for estimating the size of medium inhomogeneities in ultrasound imaging. This approach to ultrasound image analysis would provide the possibility of quantitative estimation of structural formations, which would lead to a significant increase in the information value of ultrasound diagnostics, and the possibility of early pathology detection, opening perspectives for an increase in treatment effectiveness.
Due to rapid development of industry and transportation, mining intensity, and active use of chemicals in agriculture there is a sharp rise in the level of heavy metal pollution of natural ...environment, which mainly affects soil and plants. Excessive accumulation can lead to the destruction of the natural complex integrity. The pollution of heavy metal environment is one of the most pressing environmental problems. It has become particularly relevant in recent years since it closely intersects with another global problem - getting ecologically pure foodstuff. The studies concern the heavy metal content of the six species of inflorescence melliferous plants summer temporary generation grown in the territories around apiaries of Nagaybaksky district.
The review presents the history of the creation and work of the Scientific Council “Cybernetics” (SCC)—the center for development of cybernetics in the USSR and Russia. The Council’s activity is ...covered as a structure that coordinates scientific and technical activity in cybernetics in the country via a system of sections: about 16 public and professional bodies involving thousands of specialists. Brief information about the sections is given. The chronology of development of the SCC is discussed, in particular, information about its chairmen, starting with the renowned organizer of research and development, Academician and Admiral Axel Ivanovich Berg and the following academicians: B.N. Petrov, O.M. Belotserkovsky, A.P. Ershov, E.P. Velikhov, B.V. Bunkin, and Yu.I. Zhuravlev. The SCC’s publishing activity is briefly reviewed. The second function, built into the SCC from its onset, is as a research institute conducting its own research on the most pressing scientific problems insufficiently covered by existing structures. Several main areas of research by the SCC itself and its successor, the Axel Berg Institute of Cybernetics and Educational Computing of the Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the RAS: coding and transmission of information, economic cybernetics, aircraft control, supercomputers, digital technologies in education, mathematical logic and the theory of algorithms, pattern recognition and image analysis, mathematical methods of image analysis, theoretical physics, biomedical cybernetics, and ultrasound imaging. Another function of the SCC is considered: as an incubator of new academic industrially oriented structures and the fate of one of them—the Institute of Cybernetics Problems—is traced.
Gas fuel cylinders (GFCs) for motor vehicles are a source of man-made danger with such damaging factors as thermal radiation, open flame, as well as shock air waves and fragments in a case of an ...explosive nature of depressurization. To increase reliability of GFC, it is urgent to study causes of their fracture under various conditions of operation, in particular in a cryolithozone. A purpose of this paper is analysis the fragmentation of GFC to identify factors affecting safety of operation of gas cylinder vehicles in the sharply continental climate conditions. A character and causes of premature destruction of two metal-composite cylinders for compressed natural gas, occurred in winter and summer time, were investigated. It is found that the destruction was induced by defects of an inner steel shell of the cylinders (mechanical damage, presence of a decarburized layer, and hydrogen degradation), which caused initial cracks formation according to a fatigue mechanism. The main natural and climatic factor that stimulated reaching a state of overload in GFC with the defects of the inner shell was environment temperature fluctuations. Results of the paper can be used to improve operational capability of GFC, to ensure the safety of their operation and development of compensatory measures.
Regional Priorities of Green Economy Bobylev, Sergey Nikolayevich; Kudryavtseva, Olga Vladimirovna; Yakovleva, Ekaterina Yuryevna
Ekonomika regiona,
01/2015, Volume:
11, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The article is dedicated to transforming the economy of Russian regions to a green economy, which is an essential factor for the sustainable development. This is important not only for Russia but the ...whole world because our country has the great natural capital and provides important environmental services that support the planet biosphere. Based on the analysis of economic, social and ecological statistical data and Human Development Index (HDI) we have shown that the development of Russian Federal Districts is very unbalanced and each Russian region has its own way to new economic model. For instance, it is necessary to increase the well-being in the North Caucasus Federal District, it is important to reach higher life expectancy at birth in the Siberian and the Far Eastern Districts. It is necessary to move from the «brown» economy to a green one by using the human capital (building a knowledge economy), by applying Best Available Technologies (Techniques), by investing in efficiency of use of natural resources and by increasing energy efficiency. The transition to a green economy will help to achieve social equity and the development of human potential; it helps to move from the exploitation of non-renewable natural capital to renewable human capital. All these socio-economic measures should give decoupling effect, make risks lower, reduce the exploitation of natural capital, stop the environmental degradation and prevent the ecological crisis. Transition to the green economic model has to be accompanied by new economic development indicators, which take into account social and environmental factors.
The DANSS detector is located directly under the nuclear reactor at the Kalinin nuclear power plant. Such a position ensures about 50 m.w.e. shielding from cosmic rays in the vertical direction; as a ...result, the detector occupies an intermediate position between surface and underground detectors in the shielding from cosmic rays. The sensitive volume of the detector consisting of a 1-m
3
plastic scintillator is surrounded by the multilayer passive shielding and muon veto. The main aim of the DANSS experiment is to measure the antineutrino spectrum at various distances from the source. To this end, the detector is placed on a lifting platform in order to record data at three positions of 10.9, 11.9, and 12.9 m from the reactor core. The detector can reconstruct muon tracks passing through its sensitive volume. The pressure, temperature, and decay coefficients for muons in various regions of the zenith angle
have been determined from the muon data collected during four years using the effective generation level method.
Variation of Cosmic Ray Muons in 2007–2019 Shutenko, V. V.; Barbashina, N. S.; Dmitrieva, A. N. ...
Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics,
09/2021, Volume:
85, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
An analysis is performed of the diurnal variation in cosmic-ray muons measured with the URAGAN muon hodoscope from 2007 to 2019. Characteristics are given of the yearly average diurnal variation in ...the count rate in several zenith-angle intervals. The results are compared to the diurnal variations in the count rate of neutrons from ten neutron monitors.
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