Psychologists have worried about the distortions introduced into standardized personality measures by social desirability bias. Survey researchers have had similar concerns about the accuracy of ...survey reports about such topics as illicit drug use, abortion, and sexual behavior. The article reviews the research done by survey methodologists on reporting errors in surveys on sensitive topics, noting parallels and differences from the psychological literature on social desirability. The findings from the survey studies suggest that misreporting about sensitive topics is quite common and that it is largely situational. The extent of misreporting depends on whether the respondent has anything embarrassing to report and on design features of the survey. The survey evidence also indicates that misreporting on sensitive topics is a more or less motivated process in which respondents edit the information they report to avoid embarrassing themselves in the presence of an interviewer or to avoid repercussions from third parties.
A 28 GHz substrate-integrated filtering dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) and its 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 2 arrays are investigated. The ...cylindrical DRA, enclosed by two rings of air vias and metallic vias, is fabricated out of a high-permittivity substrate. It is excited by a microstrip feedline on a second substrate through four slots on the common ground plane of the antenna and feed substrates. The metallic vias and ground plane form a substrate-integrated cavity, which enhances the antenna gain in the passband by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\sim 1 </tex-math></inline-formula> dB. A cavity mode, the DRA HEM<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text {y}}_{11\delta } </tex-math></inline-formula> mode, and a perturbed HEM<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text {y}}_{11\delta } </tex-math></inline-formula> mode are simultaneously excited, giving a wideband substrate-integrated DRA. A dual-loop structure is introduced to the DRA to provide two radiation nulls that give a filtering response. To demonstrate the idea, a 28 GHz filtering DRA and its 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 2 arrays were designed, fabricated, and measured. Reasonable agreement between the measured and simulated results is observed.
This paper draws on individual-level data from the National Study of Family Growth (NSFG) to identify likely underreporters of abortion and miscarriage and examine their characteristics. The NSFG ...asks about abortion and miscarriage twice, once in the computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) part of the questionnaire and the other in the audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) part. We used two different methods to identify likely underreporters of abortion and miscarriage: direct comparison of answers obtained from CAPI and ACASI and latent class models. The two methods produce very similar results. Although miscarriages are just as prone to underreporting as abortions, characteristics of women underreporting abortion differ somewhat from those misreporting miscarriages. Underreporters of abortions tended to be older, poorer, less likely to be Hispanic or Black, and more likely to have no religion. They also reported more traditional attitudes toward sexual behavior. By contrast, underreporters of miscarriage also tended to be older, poorer, and more likely to be Hispanic or Black, but were also more likely to have children in the household, had fewer pregnancies, and held less traditional attitudes toward marriage.
In this paper a conservative phase-field method based on the work of Sun and Beckermann Y. Sun, C. Beckermann, Sharp interface tracking using the phase-field equation, J. Comput. Phys. 220 (2007) ...626–653 for solving the two- and three-dimensional two-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is proposed. The present method can preserve the total mass as the Cahn–Hilliard equation, but the calculation and implementation are much simpler than that. The dispersion-relation-preserving schemes are utilized for the advection terms while the Helmholtz smoother is applied to compute the surface-tension force term. To verify the proposed method, several benchmarks are examined and shown to have good agreements with previous results. It also shows that the satisfactions of mass conservations are guaranteed.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) achieves perfection in traffic sign identification with enough annotated training data. The dataset determines the quality of the complete visual system based on ...CNN. Unfortunately, databases for traffic signs from the majority of the world's nations are few. In this scenario, Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) may be employed to produce more realistic and varied training pictures to supplement the actual arrangement of images. The purpose of this research is to describe how the quality of synthetic pictures created by DCGAN, LSGAN, and WGAN is determined. Our work combines synthetic images with original images to enhance datasets and verify the effectiveness of synthetic datasets. We use different numbers and sizes of images for training. Likewise, the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and Mean Square Error (MSE) were employed to assess picture quality. Our study quantifies the SSIM difference between the synthetic and actual images. When additional images are used for training, the synthetic image exhibits a high degree of resemblance to the genuine image. The highest SSIM value was achieved when using 200 total images as input and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">32\times 32 </tex-math></inline-formula> image size. Further, we augment the original picture dataset with synthetic pictures and compare the original image model to the synthesis image model. For this experiment, we are using the latest iterations of Yolo, Yolo V3, and Yolo V4. After mixing the real image with the synthesized image produced by LSGAN, the recognition performance has been improved, achieving an accuracy of 84.9% on Yolo V3 and an accuracy of 89.33% on Yolo V4.
The past decade has witnessed ongoing progress in immune therapy to ameliorate human health. As an emerging technique, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has the advantages of specific ...killing of cancer cells, a high remission rate of cancer-induced symptoms, rapid tumor eradication, and long-lasting tumor immunity, opening a new window for tumor treatment. However, challenges remain in CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors due to target diversity, tumor heterogeneity, and the complex microenvironment. In this review, we have outlined the development of the CAR T-cell technique, summarized the current advances in tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and highlighted the importance of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) or neoantigens for solid tumors. We also addressed the challenge of the TAA binding domain in CARs to overcome off-tumor toxicity. Moreover, we illustrated the dominant tumor microenvironment (TME)-induced challenges and new strategies based on TME-associated antigens (TMAs) for solid tumor CAR T-cell therapy.
Rational exploration of efficient, inexpensive, and robust electrocatalysts is critical for the efficient water splitting. Conjugated conductive metal–organic frameworks (cMOFs) with multicomponent ...layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to construct bifunctional heterostructure catalysts are considered as an efficient but complicated strategy. Here, the fabrication of a cMOF/LDH hetero‐nanotree array catalyst (CoNiRu‐NT) coupled with monodispersed ruthenium (Ru) sites via a controllable grafted‐growth strategy is reported. Rich‐amino hexaiminotriphenylene linkers coordinate with the LDH nanotrunk to form cMOF nanobranches, providing numerous anchoring sites to precisely confine and stabilize RuN4 sites. Moreover, monodispersed and reduced Ru moieties facilitate H2O adsorption and dissociation, and the heterointerface between the cMOF and the LDH further modifies the chemical and electronic structures. Optimized CoNiRu‐NT displays a significant increase in electrochemical water‐splitting properties in alkaline media, affording low overpotentials of 22 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 255 mV at 20 mA cm−2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively. In an actual electrochemical system, CoNiRu‐NT drives an overall water splitting at a low cell voltage of 1.47 V to reach 10 mA cm−2. This performance is comparable to that of pure noble‐metal‐based materials and superior to most reported MOF‐based catalysts.
A conductive metal–organic framework (cMOF)/layered double hydroxide (LDH) hetero‐nanotree structure coupled with monodisperse Ru sites is constructed via a controllable grafted‐growth strategy. Based on a competitive coordination process, RuN sites are precisely anchored by rich‐amino organic linkers. The chemical and electronic structure of the hetero‐nanotree catalysts are well modified and lead to a superior overall water‐splitting performance in alkaline media.
Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere usually reduces Earth's outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). The unusual case of Antarctica, where CO2 enhances OLR and implies a negative forcing, has ...previously been explained by the strong near‐surface inversion or extremely low surface temperature. However, negative forcing can occasionally be found in the Arctic and tropics where neither of these explanations applies. Here, we examine the changes in infrared opacity from CO2 doubling in these low or negative forcing climate states, which shows the predominant role of the stratospheric contribution to the broadband forcing. Negative forcing in today's climate demands a combination of strong negative forcing caused by a steep stratospheric temperature inversion and a weaker positive forcing in the atmospheric window, which can be caused by a low surface temperature or a strong high cloud masking effect. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the near‐surface inversion has little impact on the forcing.
Plain Language Summary
Carbon dioxide (CO2), as an important greenhouse gas, is known to reduce the Earth's longwave emission, provoking a positive forcing that increases the net flow of energy into the Earth system. In this study, we discuss the cause of negative forcing, where CO2 increases longwave emission that happens most commonly in Antarctica and in some rare conditions in the Arctic and tropics. In contrast to conventional arguments that a near‐surface temperature increase with altitude is key to a negative CO2 forcing, we show that the stratospheric temperature and, in the tropics, clouds play a more important role. The results are based on temperature modification experiments and an analysis of the vertical structure of atmospheric emission changes. While a negative forcing does not mean the surface would cool since there are other important adjustments involved in the re‐establishment of energy balance, the results show the values of resolving the spectral dimension of radiation to quantify the radiative sensitivity to the near‐surface and stratosphere temperature structure.
Key Points
Outgoing longwave radiation increases with CO2 concentration in the Arctic and tropics in certain circumstances, in addition to commonly occurring in Antarctica
In polar regions, negative CO2 forcing arises from stratospheric temperature inversions, while near‐surface inversions have a small effect
CO2 forcing can be negative in other regions when high clouds block the tropospheric emission, leaving the stratospheric contribution
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