Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis, the etiological agent of Francisellosis, affects a large number of farmed species such as Salmo salar. This species coexists with several native species in ...the same ecosystem, including Eleginops maclovinus. Our objective was to evaluate the susceptibility, presence of clinical symptoms, and the ability of Eleginops maclovinus to respond to Francisella infection. For this, healthy individuals were inoculated with 1.5 × 101, 1.5 × 105, and 1.5 × 1010 bact/μL of Francisella by intraperitoneal injection, subsequently the fish were sampled on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post injection (dpi). At the end of the experiment, no mortality, nor internal and external clinical signs were observed, although in the high dose anaemia was detected. Additionally, bacteria were detected in all three doses, however there was replication at day 28 only in the liver in the high dose. Analysis of gene expression by qPCR showed that the spleen generated an immune response against infection from day 1 dpi, however at day 7 dpi most of the genes suffered repressed expression; observing over expression of the genes C3, NLRC3, NLRC5, MHCI, IgM. In contrast, expression in the anterior kidney did not vary significantly during the challenge. IgM quantification showed the production of antibodies in the medium and high doses. This study provides new knowledge about Francisella infection and the long-lasting and specific immune response generated by Eleginops maclovinus. It also demonstrates its susceptibility to Francisellosis where there is a difference in the immune response according to the tissue.
•Eleginops maclovinus is living in proximity to salmonid culture centers feeding off of uneaten pellet and salmonid feces.•The aim of this study was to evaluate the innate and adaptive immune responses of E. maclovinus challenged with Francisella noatunensis.•The results suggest activation of the immune response in E. maclovinus injected by distinct Francisella noatunensis doses.•This is the first immunological study to relate an emergent pathogen in salmonids with a native fish.
Context. Regression methods based on machine learning algorithms (MLA) have become an important tool for data analysis in many different disciplines. Aims. In this work, we use MLA in an ...astrophysical context; our goal is to measure the mean longitudinal magnetic field in stars (Heff) from polarized spectra of high resolution, through the inversion of the so-called multi-line profiles. Methods. Using synthetic data, we tested the performance of our technique considering different noise levels: In an ideal scenario of noise-free multi-line profiles, the inversion results are excellent; however, the accuracy of the inversions diminish considerably when noise is taken into account. We therefore propose a data pre-process in order to reduce the noise impact, which consists of a denoising profile process combined with an iterative inversion methodology. Results. Applying this data pre-process, we find a considerable improvement of the inversions results, allowing to estimate the errors associated to the measurements of stellar magnetic fields at different noise levels. Conclusions. We have successfully applied our data analysis technique to two different stars, attaining for the first time the measurement of Heff from multi-line profiles beyond the condition of line autosimilarity assumed by other techniques.
Neutrino oscillations have been probed during the last few decades using multiple neutrino sources and experimental set-ups. In the recent years, very large volume neutrino telescopes have started ...contributing to the field. First ANTARES and then IceCube have relied on large and sparsely instrumented volumes to observe atmospheric neutrinos for combinations of baselines and energies inaccessible to other experiments. Using this advantage, the latest result from IceCube starts approaching the precision of other established technologies and is paving the way for future detectors, such as ORCA and PINGU. These new projects seek to provide better measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters and eventually determine the neutrino mass ordering. The results from running experiments and the potential from proposed projects are discussed in this review, emphasizing the experimental challenges involved in the measurements.
Herein, we extend previous measurements of the transfer product yields in the reaction of \(\hbox {E}_{c.m.} = 450\hbox { MeV} ^{~136}\hbox {Xe}\) with \(^{198}\hbox {Pt}\) by measurements of the ...product yields using Gammasphere. By recording events occurring in beam bursts and in between beam bursts, we are able to extend the number of measured product yields from 78 to 171 nuclides. Our new data span a much wider range of Z and A than observed in previous work and when compared to theoretical predictions, these new measurements provide a more stringent and thorough test of models of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions.
Lime mortar is one of the oldest building materials. In Mexico, ingredients added to it to enhance its properties may include cactus mucilage, among others. We have evaluated the effect of adding, at ...two different concentrations, mucilage from
Opuntia ficus-indica
(prickly pear),
Acanthocereous tetragonus
(fairy castle cactus), and
Hylocereus undatus
(pitahaya or dragon fruit) in the accelerated carbonation of hydrated lime. The carbonation kinetics were followed by spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform mid-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that mucilage promoted carbonation, functioning as a positive catalyst. Analysis of the infrared (IR) absorption corresponding to the in-plane asymmetric stretching
v
3
of the
CO
3
2
-
anion indicated that the carbonation rate increased with the percentage of mucilage, being directly dependent on the concentration of
Opuntia
and
Acanthocereous
mucilage at both concentration levels tested. SEM observations confirmed that the inclusion of mucilage promoted the creation of the aragonite polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
).
Graphical abstract
ABSTRACT Evidence for an extraterrestrial flux of high-energy neutrinos has now been found in multiple searches with the IceCube detector. The first solid evidence was provided by a search for ...neutrino events with deposited energies TeV and interaction vertices inside the instrumented volume. Recent analyses suggest that the extraterrestrial flux extends to lower energies and is also visible with throughgoing, -induced tracks from the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we combine the results from six different IceCube searches for astrophysical neutrinos in a maximum-likelihood analysis. The combined event sample features high-statistics samples of shower-like and track-like events. The data are fit in up to three observables: energy, zenith angle, and event topology. Assuming the astrophysical neutrino flux to be isotropic and to consist of equal flavors at Earth, the all-flavor spectrum with neutrino energies between 25 TeV and 2.8 PeV is well described by an unbroken power law with best-fit spectral index −2.50 0.09 and a flux at 100 TeV of . Under the same assumptions, an unbroken power law with index −2 is disfavored with a significance of 3.8 (p = 0.0066%) with respect to the best fit. This significance is reduced to 2.1 (p = 1.7%) if instead we compare the best fit to a spectrum with index −2 that has an exponential cut-off at high energies. Allowing the electron-neutrino flux to deviate from the other two flavors, we find a e fraction of 0.18 0.11 at Earth. The sole production of electron neutrinos, which would be characteristic of neutron-decay-dominated sources, is rejected with a significance of 3.6 (p = 0.014%).
We extend previous measurements of the transfer product yields in the reaction of
E
c
.
m
.
=
450
MeV
136
Xe
with
198
Pt
by measurements of the product yields using Gammasphere. By recording events ...occurring in beam bursts and in between beam bursts, we are able to extend the number of measured product yields from 78 to 171 nuclides. Our new data span a much wider range of Z and A than observed in previous work and when compared to theoretical predictions, these new measurements provide a more stringent and thorough test of models of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions.
Symmetric collisions of massive nuclei, such as 238U + 248Cm, have been proposed as ways to make new n-rich heavy nuclei via multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions. We have measured the yields of ...several projectile-like and target-like fragments from the reaction of 1360 MeV 204Hg + 198Pt. We find that current models for this symmetric collision (GRAZING, DNS, ImQMD) significantly underestimate the yields of these transfer products, even for small transfers.
Eleginops maclovinus is a eurythermic fish that under natural conditions lives in environments with temperatures ranging from 4 to 18 °C and can be usually captured near salmon farming areas. The aim ...of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature over the innate and adaptive immune response of E. maclovinus challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis following different treatments: C (control injection with culture medium at 12 °C), C+ (bacterial injection at 12 °C), 18 °C c/A + B (injection with culture medium in acclimation at 18 °C), 18 °C c/A + B (bacterial injection in acclimation at 18 °C), 18 °C s/A + M (injection with culture medium without acclimation at 18 °C) and 18 °C s/A + B (bacterial injection without acclimation at 18 °C). Each injection had 100 μL of culture medium or with 100 μL at a concentration 1 × 108 of live bacteria, sampling six fish per group at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days post-injection (dpi). Expression of the mRNA related with the innate immune response gene (TLR1, TLR5, TLR8, NLRC3, NLRC5, MyD88 and IL-1β) as well as the adaptive immune response gene (MHCI, MHCII, IgMs and IgD) were measured in spleen and head kidney. Gene expression profiles were treatment-type and time dependent. Levels of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) increased in challenged groups with P. salmonis from day 8–20 post challenge, which suggest activation of B cells IgM + through P. salmonis epitope detection. Additionally, a rise in temperature from 12 °C (C+) to 18 °C (with/without acclimation) also resulted in antibody increment detected in serum with significant differences between “18 °C c/A + B” and “18 °C s/A + B” groups. This is the first study that evaluates the effect of temperature changes and mRNA expression related with immune system gene over time on E. maclovinus, a native wild life fish that cohabits in the salmon farming environment.
•The increase in temperature affects the gene transcription related with innate and adaptive immune response.•The increase in temperature (with and without acclimatation) increased the amount of antibodies detected in serum.•The temperature is modulating the immune response in Eleginops maclovinus.
Piscirickettsiosis caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis constitutes one of the main problems in farmed salmonid and marine fishes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the modulation of genes ...involved in the oxidative stress in the liver and muscle of Salmo salar challenge with low dosage of P. salmonis. The treatment (in duplicate) were as follows: Control injection (culture medium) and P. salmonis injection (1 × 102 PFU/mL) with sampling (liver and muscle) at several time-points during the 42-days experimental period (dpi). In liver, the gene expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) had differences with the control group only at 7 dpi, compared with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) that presented increases at 7 and 21 dpi. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) mRNAs were elevated at 13 and 21 dpi, respectively. While glutathione reductase (GR) and cytochrome P450 (P450) did not show variations in their expression during the experimental course. In muscle, the expression of CAT and AChE was higher than in the control condition at 2 and 42 dpi, respectively. While the number of transcripts SOD, GPx, GR, GST, P450 and HSP70 showed increases at 7- and 42-days post injection. The results suggest a transcriptional activation of genes involved in oxidative stress in both liver and muscle, with expression profiles that were tissue-specific and dependent on the time. This is the first study that reveals the transcriptional participation of all these genes associated with oxidative stress in response to the injection of P. salmonis.
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•Piscirickettsiosis caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis constitutes one of the main problems in farmed salmonid and marine fishes.•The objective of this study was to evaluate the modulation of genes involved in the oxidative stress in the liver and muscle of Salmo salar challenge with low dose of P. salmonis.•The results suggest a transcriptional activation of genes involved in oxidative stress in both liver and muscle.•The gene expression changes in liver and muscle of infected fish suggested that P. salmonis produced a modulation of the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response.•The responses to oxidative stress were specific to each tissue analyzed, suggesting that antioxidant defense in liver is more effective to eliminate free radicals than in muscle.
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