As an important respiratory organ, the lung is susceptible to damage during heat stress due to the accelerated breathing frequency caused by an increase in environmental temperature. This can affect ...the growth performance of animals and endanger their health. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of lung tissue damage caused by heat stress. Broilers were randomly divided into a control group (Control) and a heat stress group (HS). The HS group was exposed to 35°C heat stress for 12 h per d from 21-days old, and samples were taken from selected broilers at 28, 35, and 42-days old. The results showed a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the serum and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lungs of broiler chickens across all 3 age groups after heat stress (P < 0.01), while the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly enhanced at 35-days old (P < 0.01). Heat stress also led to significant increases in various proinflammatory factors in serum and expression levels of HSP60 and HSP70 in lung tissue. Histopathological results showed congestion and bleeding in lung blood vessels, shedding of pulmonary epithelial cells, and a large amount of inflammatory infiltration in the lungs after heat stress.
The mRNA expression of TLRs/NF-κB-related genes showed an upward trend (P < 0.05) after heat stress, while the mRNA expression of MLCK, a gene related to pulmonary blood-air barrier, significantly increased after heat stress, and the expression levels of MLC, ZO-1, and occludin decreased in contrast. This change was also confirmed by Western blotting, indicating that the pulmonary blood-air barrier is damaged after heat stress.
Heat stress can cause damage to the lung tissue of broiler chickens by disrupting the integrity of the blood-air barrier and increasing permeability. This effect is further augmented by the activation of TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathways leading to an intensified inflammatory response. As heat stress duration progresses, broiler chickens develop thermotolerance, which gradually mitigates the damaging effects induced by heat stress.
We report that vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays (ZnO NWAs) were fabricated on 3D graphene foam (GF) and used to selectively detect uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA), and ascorbic acid (AA) by a ...differential pulse voltammetry method. The optimized ZnO NWA/GF electrode provided a high surface area and high selectivity with a detection limit of 1 nM for UA and DA. The high selectivity in the oxidation potential was explained by the gap difference between the lowest unoccupied and highest occupied molecular orbitals of a biomolecule for a set of given electrodes. This method was further used to detect UA levels in the serum of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The UA level was 25% lower in PD patients than in healthy individuals. This finding strongly implies that UA can be used as a biomarker for PD.
Coexistence of both edge plane and basal plane in graphite often hinders the understanding of lithium ion diffusion mechanism. In this report, two types of graphene samples were prepared by chemical ...vapor deposition (CVD): (i) well-defined basal plane graphene grown on Cu foil and (ii) edge plane-enriched graphene layers grown on Ni film. Electrochemical performance of the graphene electrode can be split into two regimes depending on the number of graphene layers: (i) the corrosion-dominant regime and (ii) the lithiation-dominant regime. Li ion diffusion perpendicular to the basal plane of graphene is facilitated by defects, whereas diffusion parallel to the plane is limited by the steric hindrance that originates from aggregated Li ions adsorbed on the abundant defect sites. The critical layer thickness (l c) to effectively prohibit substrate reaction using CVD-grown graphene layers was predicted to be ∼6 layers, independent of defect population. Our density functional theory calculations demonstrate that divacancies and higher order defects have reasonable diffusion barrier heights allowing lithium diffusion through the basal plane but neither monovacancies nor Stone-Wales defect.
Eriophyoid mites are among the most species‐rich superfamilies (Eriophyoidea) in the Acari, consisting of over 5000 named species. Although they exhibit a geographically uneven worldwide ...distribution, their regional spatiotemporal evolutionary patterns remain largely unknown. Here, we compiled a data set including 3058 occurrence records assigned into 1203 species in China. We found that eriophyoid mite species richness is higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of China, coinciding with the 500‐mm annual precipitation isoline. Using fragments of two mitochondrial genes (COI, 12S rRNA) and two nuclear genes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA) of 304 eriophyoid mite species, we constructed a regional dated phylogenetic tree in China. Our spatiotemporal analysis revealed that mountains in eastern and southern China had high eriophyoid mite species richness and phylogenetic clustering, possessing both ancient and young mite lineages. Species distribution modelling (SDM) results showed that the predicted suitable area of eriophyoid mites slightly expanded from the last inter‐glacial period to the last glacial maximum period. In comparison with the current SDM, a significantly larger distribution range was observed in future scenarios. These findings suggest that mountains in eastern and southern China acted as not only cradles—recent rapid speciation, but also museums—centre of gradual accumulation and preservation and provide insights into monitoring and conserving eriophyoid mites.
When assessing the scattering of radiation belt electrons by fast magnetosonic (MS) waves, it is traditionally assumed that the waves follow the MS/whistler branch of the cold plasma dispersion ...relation (CPDR) in magnetohydrodynamics. However, MS waves are essentially ion Bernstein modes following a distinct kinetic dispersion relation. This study calculates the MS wave‐induced electron diffusion rates with the kinetic dispersion relation for the first time and compares the results with that obtained with the CPDR. It is found that the kinetic effects lead to a lower minimum resonant energy around 100 eV and a broader resonant pitch angle range. Kinetic effects also result in power spectral density attenuation when transforming wave frequency spectra into wavenumber spectra, so the diffusion rates are overall smaller than the ones obtained using the CPDR. Our results demonstrate that kinetic effects can significantly affect the role that MS waves play in the radiation belt dynamics.
Plain Language Summary
Magnetosonic (MS) waves belong to the kinetic ion Bernstein modes essentially. But when the cold plasma is dominating, the waves also approximately follow the MS/whistler branch of the cold plasma dispersion relation (CPDR) in magnetohydrodynamics. Subsequently, studies of the electron scattering by MS waves have traditionally assumed the CPDR for simplicity. Motivated by recent studies which involved both satellite observations and kinetic theory revealing that the lower harmonic MS waves clearly follow the kinetic dispersion relation, we assess how the differences between the kinetic and cold plasma dispersion relations affect the MS wave‐induced electron scattering rates. Our results indicate that the kinetic dispersion relation produces relatively lower parallel phase speeds for MS waves, leading to a lower minimum resonant energy and subsequently a broader resonant pitch angle range for electrons (of a given energy). The kinetic effects also decrease the overall diffusion rates by attenuating the wave power spectral density in wavenumber space when mapped from a given frequency spectrum.
Key Points
Linear kinetic dispersion relation indicates lower phase speeds and a broader range of group speeds for fast magnetosonic (MS) waves
The lower phase speeds of MS waves result in a broader range of resonant pitch angles and lower minimum resonant energies of electrons
Kinetic effects reduce the wavenumber power spectral density and thus result in smaller electron diffusion rates
Single‐locus molecular delimitation plays a key role in meeting the need to expedite the exploration and description of the species on our planet. Multiple methods have been developed to aid data ...interpretation over the past 20 years, but species delimitation remains difficult due to their varying performance. In this study, we examine the accuracy of five widely used delimitation methods (i.e. BIN, ABGD, ASAP, GMYC and mPTP) in analysing 63 empirical data sets that included 1850 mitochondrial COI sequences derived from eriophyoid mites assigned to 456 morphospecies. Our results establish that all five methods resolve approximately 90% of morphospecies. We investigated some factors which might affect the species delimitation results, that is taxonomic rank, number of haplotypes per species, mean number of host plants per species, and geographical distance among sampling sites. We found complex interactions between these factors which affected delimitation effectiveness. An increase in haplotype number negatively affected delimitation accuracy, while increased geographical distance improved delimitation accuracy. BIN was influenced by the number of host plants per species as cryptic speciation linked to host plant usage might be prevalent in eriophyoid mites, while ABGD was not significantly impacted by other factors. Our results highlight multiple factors that affect molecular species delimitation and underline the value of employing multiple analytical approaches to aid species delimitation.
Three undescribed cyclic lipopeptides maribasins C-E and four undescribed linear peptides aspergillipeptides H–K together with three known analogous maribasins A-B and marihysin A were isolated from ...the marine gorgonian-associated fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIO 41501 (Trichocomaceae). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations were further confirmed by Marfey's methods. Maribasins C-E and maribasins A-B showed significant antifungal activity against five phytopathogenic fungal strains with MIC values of 3.12–50 μg/disc. Structure-bioactivity relationship exhibited that the β-amino fatty acid chain could significantly affect the antifungal activity of this type of cyclic lipopeptides.
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•Ten peptides were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus sp.•Their absolute configurations were determined by Marfey's methods.•Five cyclic lipopeptides showed significant antifungal activity against five phytopathogens.•Structure-bioactivity relationship was discussed.
Recent years has witnessed a rapid growth in online shopping. This paper draws from the construal level theory to examine the divergent effects of the creative text descriptions of products on ...consumers' purchase intention in an online context. It also investigates consumers' construal level and the moderating role of construal level in this relationship. An assumption has been made that the creative description embraces more rhetorical devices with analogies. In doing so, such texts are in need of consumers who are having a more abstract, top-down, flexible mindset, which makes it more persuasive to some consumers with high-level construal. Three experiments add evidence to this study. These results suggest that the creative text descriptions are generally more persuasive than the non-creative ones in an online context, and that the persuasiveness of the creative descriptions can be accentuated (vs. attenuated) especially for high- (vs. low-) level construal individuals. The findings hold various theoretical implications for the creative marketing messages and construal level theory. First, in the current research, broadening, and integrating relevant research were possible by exploring the creative language in an online context. Also, it demonstrates that construal level-that is, consumers' internal thoughts, rather than external factors-influences their preference for a creative description style, thus helping extend the applications of the construal level theory to the field of creative marketing communications and integrate the research discoveries in metaphor communication.
Abstract
Tailoring thermal transport by structural parameters could result in mechanically fragile and brittle networks. An indispensable goal is to design hierarchical architecture materials that ...combine thermal and mechanical properties in a continuous and cohesive network. A promising strategy to create such a hierarchical network targets additive manufacturing of hybrid porous voxels at nanoscale. Here we describe the convergence of agile additive manufacturing of porous hybrid voxels to tailor hierarchically and mechanically tunable objects. In one strategy, the uniformly distributed porous silica voxels, which form the basis for the control of thermal transport, are non-covalently interfaced with polymeric networks, yielding hierarchic super-elastic architectures with thermal insulation properties. Another additive strategy for achieving mechanical strength involves the versatile orthogonal surface hybridization of porous silica voxels retains its low thermal conductivity of 19.1 mW m
−1
K
−1
, flexible compressive recovery strain (85%), and tailored mechanical strength from 71.6 kPa to 1.5 MPa. The printed lightweight high-fidelity objects promise thermal aging mitigation for lithium-ion batteries, providing a thermal management pathway using 3D printed silica objects.
Small pulmonary nodules (SPNs) often cannot be accurately located during video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) resection, and preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided localization performed using ...hook wire placement can be helpful. However, recent studies revealed a trend towards more frequent and severe complications occurring in association with hook wire insertion. The aim of this study is to reevaluate the safety, and reliability of the preoperative CT-guided hook wire localization technique and also identify the risk factors for localization-related pneumothorax.
This retrospective study enrolled 95 patients (with 105 pulmonary nodules) who underwent preoperative CT-guided hook wire localization and followed VATS resection from January 2013 to September 2016. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with localization-related pneumothorax.
All the 105 nodules were successfully localized. Two (1.9%) hook wires dislodged before VATS resection. Mean largest diameter of the nodules was 10.1 mm (range, 3–19 mm). Mean depth from the nearest pleural surface was 11.2 mm (range, 2–38 mm). Mean needle insertion depth was 24.3 mm (range, 4–49 mm), and mean procedure time was 17.3 min (range, 7–48 min). Asymptomatic pneumothorax was observed in 18 patients (18.9%) and hemorrhage in 7 patients (7.4%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed the number of needle insertions (OR 8.893, p = 0.019) as the only significant independent risk factor of pneumothorax.
CT-guided hook wire localization is a safe, reliable and convenient technique and can be applied widely to facilitate the resection of SPNs. Simultaneous localization for multiple nodules in ipsilateral lung may be associated with a higher risk of localization-related pneumothorax.
•CT-guided hook wire localization of SPN is one of the most convenient techniques.•CT-guided hook wire localization is a safe and reliable technique.•Simultaneous localization in ipsilateral lung may be associated with a higher risk of pneumothorax.
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