Studying fold-and-thrust belts is crucial in geoscience; fold-and-thrust belts are rich in petroleum and natural gas. However, the effects of friction properties and rheological structures on the ...deformation patterns and evolution of fold-and-thrust belts with two detachment layers are less frequently discussed. Therefore, using models with a basal silicone layer, a middle silicone layer and overlying quartz sand layers, this study conducted an analogue modelling analysis of the effects of friction conditions, rheological structures and compressional velocity on the deformation and evolution of fold-and-thrust belts. The results show the following. 1) The weak layer or low friction strength of the basement forms complex deformations of the structural style, forming forward thrust, backward thrust, symmetrical pop-up structure and frontward–backward oscillating structural characteristics. 2) The friction strength ratio between the lateral and basement layers does not determine the structural style of a fold-and-thrust belt; moreover, it is closely related to the construction of strata or rheological structures. 3) The deformation of double detachment layers complicates the structural style of fold-and-thrust belts. 4) The analogue modelling results are similar to the structural style of the simple fold belt of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt (ZFTB), indicating that deep and middle detachment layers control the current deformation of the ZFTB.
•In this paper, the controlling factors of of the fold-and-thrust belt were analyzed by analogue modeling, and it shows that the basement friction strength has a very important influence on the structural deformation of the fold-and-thrust belt.•The structural pattern is not completely controlled by the ratio of lateral friction strength to basement friction strength, but is closely related to the boundary conditions and rheological structure.•The deformation characteristics of the Zagros fold -and- thrust belt is related to the simultaneous existence of the basal and intermediate detachment layers.
Sarcopenia is a multifactorial condition characterized by loss of muscle mass. It poses significant health risks in older adults worldwide. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are ...reported to address this disease. Certain dietary patterns, such as adequate energy intake and essential amino acids, have shown positive outcomes in preserving muscle function. Various medications, including myostatin inhibitors, growth hormones, and activin type II receptor inhibitors, have been evaluated for their effectiveness in managing sarcopenia. However, it is important to consider the variable efficacy and potential side effects associated with these treatments. There are currently no drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for sarcopenia. The ongoing research aims to develop more effective strategies in the future. Our review of research on disease mechanisms and drug development will be a valuable contribution to future research endeavors.
Although perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made great achievements during the past few years, the efficiency of PSCs is only up to 25.5%, which is comparable to silicon-based solar cells. However, ...long-term stability is still an important problem for future commercialization. Enormous efforts have been made to prolong the lifetime of PSCs. The novel passivation strategy and advanced encapsulation are investigated, and great achievements are acquired. However, research on the basic understanding of the perovskite structure and the fabrication process of PSCs is rare, which stints the initial research for the abecedarian. At the same time, the defects among the perovskite film caused by the uncontrollable crystallization process and the fragile ionic nature also deteriorate the efficiency and stability of the perovskite devices. Herein, we summarized the investigations of the mechanism for perovskite materials and the manufacturing process of PSCs. The composition of perovskite materials, the orientation of perovskite grain, and various fabrication processes are explained. Simultaneously, the novel passivation strategy and technology are also discussed. We believe that a deeper understanding of the perovskite mechanism is beneficial to render more facilities for further development of perovskite application.
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•The Cenozoic OBBB has similar graben-horst configurations as in many rift basins.•Different subbasins in the OBBB have different timing and stratigraphic fill.•The Cenozoic evolution ...of the OBBB involve rifting and thermal subsidence stages.•Basement fabrics and Tanlu fault zone affect architecture and evolution of the OBBB.
The Cenozoic offshore Bohai Bay basin has similar graben-horst configurations as in many rift basins, however, different areas of it have different stratigraphic fill, resulted from jointly effects of basement fabrics, rifting and strike-slipping. Within the Liaodongwan subbasin, the Liaodong rise is a transpressional structural belt bounded by the Tanlu strike-slip fault. The Bodong rise is similar to the Liaodong rise. The eastern Bozhong subbasin has a graben-horst configuration caused by extensional stress. The southern and northwestern parts of the Bozhong subbasin are characterized by large-scale horsts that are limited by south-dipping listric normal faults. The Bozhong subbasin shows many similarities with the faulted sag basin. The southern Bohai Bay basin is characterized by EW-oriented half-grabens and horsts resulted from S-N extensional stress. The Cenozoic evolution of the basin began with Paleogene rifting, followed by the Neogene–Quaternary thermal subsidence stage. The main rifting episode, caused by the upwelling of the mantle, is characterized by strong differential block-faulting during the deposition of the Eocene Sha-3 member. During the deposition of the Oligocene Dongying Formation, previously isolated and scattered sags connected with each other and became a broad and unified lake basin. In addition, the dextral movement of the Tanlu fault zone initiated the development of several transpressional structural belts in fault bends. In the eastern basin, extensional systems were also superimposed by strike-slip systems. During thermal subsidence, neotectonic movement produced many secondary faults in shallower strata, and the dextral movement of the Tanlu fault zone also altered the eastern basin architecture.
How to comprehensively consider the power flow constraints and various stability constraints in a series of power system optimization problems without affecting the calculation speed is always a ...problem. The computational burden of probabilistic security assessment is even more unimaginable. In order to solve such problems, a security region (SR) methodology is proposed, which is a brand-new methodology developed on the basis of the classical point-wise method. Tianjin University has been studying the SR methodology since the 1980s, and has achieved a series of original breakthroughs that are described in this paper. The integrated SR introduced in this paper is mainly defined in the power injection space, and includes SRs to ensure steady-state security, transient stability, static voltage stability, and small-disturbance stability. These SRs are uniquely determined for a given network topology (as well as location and clearing process for transient faults) and given system component parameters, and are irrelevant to operation states. This paper presents 11 facts and related remarks to introduce the basic concepts, composition, dynamics nature, and topological and geometric characteristics of SRs. It also provides a practical mathematical description of SR boundaries and fast calculation methods to determine them in a concise and systematic way. Thus, this article provides support for the systematic understanding, future research, and applications of SRs. The most critical finding on the topological and geometric characteristics of SRs is that, within the scope of engineering concern, the practical boundaries of SRs in the power injection space can be approximated by one or a few hyperplanes. Based on this finding, the calculation time for power system probabilistic security assessment (i.e., risk analysis) and power system optimization with security constraints can be decreased by orders of magnitude.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule in colorectal cancer (CRC). It is produced in the colon by the catalytic synthesis of the colonocytes' enzymatic systems and the release of ...intestinal microbes, and is oxidatively metabolized in the colonocytes' mitochondria. Both endogenous H2S in colonic epithelial cells and exogenous H2S in intestinal lumen contribute to the onset and progression of CRC. The up-regulation of endogenous synthetases is thought to be the cause of the elevated H2S levels in CRC cells. Different diagnostic probes and combination therapies, as well as tumor treatment approaches through H2S modulation, have been developed in recent years and have become active area of investigation for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. In this review, we focus on the specific mechanisms of H2S production and oxidative metabolism as well as the function of H2S in the occurrence, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC. We also discuss the present challenges and provide insights into the future research of this burgeoning field.
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•H2S in the colon can be produced by endogenous synthetases and gut bacteria.•Both endogenous H2S and exogenous H2S contribute to the onset and progression of CRC.•Probes and therapies are developed in response to high levels of H2S in CRC cells.•H2S modulation strategies are applied to CRC treatment.
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•The NWW-trending basement faults of the Tiantai slope belt have been active since the Jurassic.•During the Jurassic, the NWW-trending basement faults were detachment fault system, ...and they reactivated as accommodation faults in the early Cretaceous.•The tectonic evolution of the Tiantai slope belt indicates that the East China Sea Shelf Basin completed the transition from the Paleo-Tethys Ocean tectonic domain to the Pacific tectonic domain in the Early Cretaceous.
Because of its unique tectonic location, the East China Sea shelf basin is an ideal laboratory for studying the transition of the East Asian continent from the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain to the Pacific tectonic domain. The Tiantai slope belt within the East China Sea shelf basin contains geological information regarding the Mesozoic tectonic system transformation of the basin. Therefore, understanding the structural characteristics and evolution process of the Tiantai slope belt is extremely important. The structural characteristics of the Tiantai slope belt are clarified through the interpretation of seismic data, and its structural model is established. The transition of the East China Sea shelf basin from the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain to the Pacific tectonic domain is determined. The NWW-trending faults formed in the Jurassic were detachment fault systems. The stress direction shifted during the Early Cretaceous, forming an NE-trending structural feature. The difference in extensional strength between the north and south sides of the Tiantai slope belt allows the NWW-trending basement faults to slip as accommodation faults, regulating deformation and inducing shallow arcuate faults in their hanging wall. The tectonic evolution of the Tiantai slope belt indicates that the East China Sea shelf basin completed the transition from the Paleo-Tethys Ocean tectonic domain to the Pacific tectonic domain in the Early Cretaceous, and the East China Sea shelf basin has entered the back-arc rifting stage of the Pacific tectonic domain after the Jurassic continental marginal depression.
A provenance change driven by tectonic and climatic forcing records the surface geodynamic processes, and is of great significance for our understanding of evolving continental margins. The Paleogene ...succession in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), northern South China Sea (SCS), records the variation of sediment-routing systems and thus can reveal provenance changes and their association with the regional paleogeographic evolution on the South China margin. We use U–Pb ages and the Eu/Eu* anomalies of detrital zircons from Paleogene samples in Huizhou Sag, northern PRMB to reconstruct the sediment-routing system and the crustal thickness of the South China margin, respectively. The results show that from the middle Eocene to the upper Eocene there was a rapid increase in proportion of old-age zircon populations (>200 Ma), reflecting a provenance change from the intrabasinal Mesozoic basement to the extrabasinal South China Block. Moreover, the Eu/Eu* anomalies in detrital zircons suggest that during Cretaceous the crustal thickness increased from ca. 40 km to ca. 70 km in the South China margin, corresponding to the uplift of the extensive Coastal Mountains along the South China margin. The substantial rock uplift is believed to be related to the subduction between the Cretaceous Izanagi Plate and the South China Block. A new paleogeographic pattern is reconstructed, where we relate the late Eocene provenance change to the relief generated by the Cretaceous orogenic event. Firstly, due to the rain shadow effect, the uplift of the Coastal Mountains prevented pacific air from reaching into the South China hinterland, causing the northwestern side of the Coastal Mountains to be arid whereas the southeastern side being humid. Then, on the humid southeastern foothills, the paleo-Pearl River originated from the Late Cretaceous to the middle Eocene and transported more and more sediments from the South China Block to PRMB since the late Eocene, causing the provenance change from the intrabasinal basement to extrabasinal South China Block.
•Provenance change of the Pearl River Mouth Basin occurred in the late Eocene.•Crustal thickness of the South China margin increased during the Cretaceous.•Paleo-Pearl River came into being under the influence of the Coastal Mountains uplift.•Occurrence of the provenance change is related to the orogenic event.
A questionnaire was developed and administered to 450 medical students at the Xiangya Medical College, Central South University in Changsha, China to understand the attitudes among medical students ...in China toward different medical specialties and to find the factors that influenced their choice of career in ophthalmology.
Fourth-year medical students in the five-year program and sixth-year medical students in the eight-year program.
All the students were asked to rate the importance of nine possible factors in choosing a specialty as their vocation and their first ranked future specialty career choice.
When asked about the reasons for choosing to go to medical school, the top four reasons are the ability to help patients, interesting and challenging work, prestige, and job stability. When asked about the reasons for choosing a specialty, the top four reasons are the ability to find employment, financial reward, career upward mobility, and professional pressure. About the first career choice of the future specialty, for clinical medicine students, ophthalmology is the fifth ranked choice for clinical medicine students. 5.6% (five-year) and 3.4% (eight-year) of them choose ophthalmology as their top ranked specialty for their career. For anesthesia medicine and oral medicine students, most of them preferred to choose the same specialty as before. 1.5% (anesthesia) and 4.5% (oral) of them chose ophthalmology as their top ranked specialty.
Medical students in China have numerous factors that motivate their choice in a specialty. Ophthalmology is the fifth ranked choice among clinical medicine students.
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