The aim of the study is to analyze three different waste treatment
technologies by life cycle assessment tool. Sanitary Landfill,
Incineration and gasification-pyrolysis of the waste treatment
...technologies are studied in SimaPro software based on input-output
materials flow. SimaPro software has been applied for analyzing
environmental burden by different impact categories. All technologies
are favorable to abiotic and ozone layer depletion due to energy
recovery from the waste treatment facilities. Sanitary landfill has the
significantly lower environmental impact among other thermal treatment
while gases are used for fuel with control emission environment.
However, sanitary landfill has significant impact on photochemical
oxidation, global warming and acidification. Among thermal technology,
pyrolysisgasification is comparatively more favorable to environment
than incineration in global warming, acidification, eutrophication and
eco-toxicity categories. Landfill with energy recovery facilities is
environmentally favorable. However, due to large land requirement,
difficult emission control system and long time span, restriction on
land filling is applying more in the developed countries.
Pyrolysis-gasification is more environmental friendly technology than
incineration due to higher energy recovery efficiency. Life cycle
assessment is an effective tool to analyze waste treatment technology
based on environmental performances.
A theoretical and numerical study of unsteady pulsatile blood flow through an artery with a combination of stenosis and aneurysm containing nano-particles (Cu, TiO2,Al2O3) has been discussed in this ...article. The transport equations comprise momentum and energy partial differential equations with physiologically realistic boundary conditions. The bi-directional, non-linear, coupled differential equations are simplified by using the assumption of mild stenotic condition. The coupled differential equations are solved numerically by using robust finite difference method. The effects of nano-particles along with aneurysm on blood flow rate, wall shear stress and impedance are discussed in detail through graphs. Similarly, the graphical results of nano-particles fluid show notable deviation when compared with pure blood profiles. At the end, it is also concluded from the calculated results that both source/sink β parameter and Grashof number (Gr) facilitates the blood to maximize its flow within the vessel and minimize the hemodynamic factors such as wall shear and impedance. The circulating regions inside the flow field are also investigated through instantaneous patterns of streamlines for different parameters of interest.
Livestock is a fundamental part of the agriculture industry in Pakistan and contributes more than 11.53% to GDP. Among livestock species, the buffaloes are regarded as the black gold of Pakistan. ...Being the highest milk producers globally, Nili-Ravi buffaloes are the most famous ones. Buffaloes are affected by many endemic diseases, and "Hemorrhagic septicemia" (HS) is one of them. This study was designed to ascertain the effects of experimental exposure ofP. multocida B:2 (oral) and its immunogens, i.e., LPS (oral and intravenous) and OMP (oral and subcutaneous) on reproductive hormonal profiles in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Repeated serum samples were collected from the jugular vein of experimental animals for 21 days (0, 02, 04, 08, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 360, 456 and 504 hours). Hormonal assays to determine the serum concentrations of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) were performed using (MyBioSource) commercial Elisa kits. The hormonal profile of all treatment groups of the buffalo heifers exhibited significant (P<0.05) variations as compared to the control group (G-1). These results indicate suppression in Nili-Ravi buffaloes' reproductive hormonal profile on exposure to P. multocida B:2 and its immunogens. This influence warrants that exposure to H.S may be a possible reason for delayed puberty and poor reproduction performance in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
Waste-to-energy technologies are considered as one of the key waste treatment technologies due to their energy and heat recovery efficiencies from the waste. A number of research studies were ...accomplished to understand the potential environmental burdens from emerging waste treatment technologies such as pyrolysis–gasification (PG). The aim of this study was to examine the PG of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment process through a life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The study also includes a comparative LCA model of PG and incineration to identify the potential environmental burdens from the existing (incineration) and emerging (PG) waste treatment technologies. This study focused on ten environmental impact categories under two different scenarios, namely: (a) LCA model of PG and (b) comparative LCA model of PG and incineration. The scenario (a) showed that PG had significant environmental burdens in the aquatic eco-toxicity and the global warming potential impact categories. The comparative scenario (b) of PG and incineration of MSW showed that PG had comparatively lower potential environmental burdens in acidification, eutrophication, and aquatic eco-toxicity. Both LCA models showed that the environmental burdens were mainly caused by the volume of the thermal gas (emissions) produced from these two technologies and the final residue to disposal. Therefore, the results indicate that the efficiency and environmental burdens of the emerging technologies are dependent on the emissions and the production of final residue to the landfill.
Application and development of municipal solid waste treatment technology depends on various socio-economic and environmental factors. All those factors are work as development drivers for waste ...management systems. The study aims to identify key drivers from case studies of waste management development trend in Sweden. Social, economic and environmental drivers are identified and presented in this study. The study identifies personal behaviour, local waste management practice, consumption and generation of waste as the key social drivers. Resource value of waste, economic benefit from waste treatment facilities and landfill tax have been acknowledged as economic drivers for developing waste treatment technology. Moreover, global climate change, environmental movement and awareness have been working as environmental drivers for developing various waste treatment methods in Sweden. In addition, the study aims to analyse emerging waste treatment technologies based on a number of literature review and questionnaire survey. Dry composting, pyrolysis-gasification, plasma arc, and anaerobic digestion have been identified as potential emerging technologies for waste management systems in Sweden.
► In hydrologic regression leave-one-out (LOO) or 10% leave out validation is common. ► We applied the concept of Monte Carlo cross validation in Regional Flood Estimation. ► Monte Carlo cross ...validation has a higher chance of delivering a parsimonious model.
In regional hydrologic regression analysis, model selection and validation are regarded as important steps. Here, the model selection is usually based on some measurements of goodness-of-fit between the model prediction and observed data. In Regional Flood Frequency Analysis (RFFA), leave-one-out (LOO) validation or a fixed percentage leave out validation (e.g., 10%) is commonly adopted to assess the predictive ability of regression-based prediction equations. This paper develops a Monte Carlo Cross Validation (MCCV) technique (which has widely been adopted in Chemometrics and Econometrics) in RFFA using Generalised Least Squares Regression (GLSR) and compares it with the most commonly adopted LOO validation approach. The study uses simulated and regional flood data from the state of New South Wales in Australia. It is found that when developing hydrologic regression models, application of the MCCV is likely to result in a more parsimonious model than the LOO. It has also been found that the MCCV can provide a more realistic estimate of a model’s predictive ability when compared with the LOO.
The death of a mother is a tragedy in itself but it can also have devastating effects for the survival of her children. We aim to explore the impact of a mother's death on child survival in rural ...Gambia, West Africa.
We used 25 years of prospective surveillance data from the Farafenni Health and Demographic surveillance system (FHDSS). Mortality rates per 1,000 child-years up to ten years of age were estimated and Kaplan-Meier survival curves plotted by maternal vital status. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine factors associated with child survival.
Between 1st April 1989 and 31st December 2014, a total of 2, 221 (7.8%) deaths occurred during 152,906 child-years of follow up. Overall mortality rate was 14.53 per 1,000 child-years (95% CI: 13.93-15.14). Amongst those whose mother died, the rate was 25.89 (95% CI: 17.99-37.25) compared to 14.44 (95% CI: 13.84-15.06) per 1,000 child-years for those whose mother did not die. Children were 4.66 (95% CI: 3.15-6.89) times more likely to die if their mother died compared to those with a surviving mother. Infants whose mothers died during delivery or shortly after were up to 7 times more likely to die within the first month of life compared to those whose mothers survived. Maternal vital status was significantly associated with the risk of dying within the first 2 years of life (p-value <0.05), while this was no longer observed for children over 2 years of age (P = 0.872). Other factors associated with an increased risk of dying were living in more rural areas, and birth spacing and year of birth.
Mother's survival is strongly associated with child survival. Our findings highlight the importance of the continuum of care for both the mother and child not only throughout pregnancy, and childbirth but beyond 6 weeks post-partum.
The current study theoretically analyzes the magnetohydrodynamic Williamson fluid flow along with convective boundary conditions over a stretching cylinder. The modified Fourier’s and modified Fick’s ...law is considered in view of the response of heat and mass transfer. The effect of heat generation/absorption is also considered. With the suitable similarity transformations, the flow equations are converted into dimensionless ordinary differential equations. Runge–Kutta method is used to solve the current problem numerically by adopting shooting scheme. Influences of various physical parameters on the flow fields are shown graphically and skin friction parameter, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented in tabular form. To verify the accuracy of our numerical results in light of previous results, a comparison table has been generated. The results revealed that the velocity of fluid increases by increasing curvature parameter while decreases for magnetic parameter and Williamson fluid parameter. The temperature and concentration profiles rises due to increase in heat and mass Biot number parameters.
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