To determine distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards in Wuhan, China, we tested air and surface samples. Contamination was greater in intensive care units ...than general wards. Virus was widely distributed on floors, computer mice, trash cans, and sickbed handrails and was detected in air ≈4 m from patients.
Responsive photonic crystal is widely considered in the field of anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption because of their structural color changes caused by external stimulation. However, the ...response signal is usually achieved by adjusting the periodic lattice constant based on Bragg's law with volume changes. Thus, it is a great challenge to achieve the response of photonic crystals by non‐array parameter control. Herein, novel thermal responsive photonic crystal (TRPC) with low angle dependent structural color is fabricated by introducing poly(ethylene glycol) into the structure of low angle dependent SnO2 inverse opal. The response is achieved through the control of light path guided by phase transition and the significant volume change caused by the change of traditional array parameters can be effectively avoided. Meanwhile, the low angle dependent structural color of TRPC can effectively reduce the interference of observation angle change to response signal caused by external thermal stimulation. Patterned responsive photonic crystals with temperature gradient response are easily obtained by combining confinement self‐assembly and direct template method, and the patterns can be presented and hidden by the control of light path, showing great potential in anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption fields.
The thermal responsive photonic crystal is obtained by combining PEG with SnO2 inverse opal. The response is achieved through the present and hide of structural color, which is achieved through the control of light path guided by phase transition. The low angle dependent structural color effectively reduces the interference of observation angle and highlights response signal.
Non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with its aggressive biological behavior, is one of the most diagnosed cancers. Tumor‐associated inflammatory cells play important roles in the interaction between ...chronic inflammation and lung cancer, however the mechanisms involved are far from defined. In the present study, by developing an orthotopic NSCLC mouse model based on chronic inflammation, we proved that an inflammatory microenvironment accelerated the growth of orthotopic xenografts in vivo. Tumor‐associated macrophages, the most abundant population of inflammatory cells, were identified. Treatment with macrophage‐conditioned medium (MCM) promoted the growth and migration of NSCLC cells. Using bioinformatics analysis, we identified downregulated PP2Ac expression in NSCLC cells upon treatment with MCM. We further confirmed that this downregulation was executed in an NF‐κB pathway‐dependent manner. As IκB kinase (IKK) has been proved to be a substrate of PP2Ac, inhibition on PP2Ac could result in amplification of NF‐κB pathway signaling. Overexpression of PP2Ac, or the dominant‐negative forms of IKK or IκB, attenuated the acceleration of growth and metastasis by MCM. Using bioinformatics analysis, we further identified that CXCL1 and COL6A1 could be downstream of NF‐κB/PP2Ac pathway. Luciferase assay and ChIP assay further confirmed the location of response elements on the promoter regions of CXCL1 and COL6A1. Elevated CXCL1 facilitated angiogenesis, whereas upregulated COL6A1 promoted proliferation and migration.
Tumor‐associated macrophages, the prominent type of inflammatory cells in non‐small‐cell lung cancer, can promote the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Overexpression of PP2Ac, or the dominant‐negative forms of IKK or IκB, attenuated the acceleration on cancer cell growth and metastasis by TAMs. CXCL1 and COL6A1 could be downstream of NF‐κB/PP2Ac pathway. Elevated CXCL1 facilitated angiogenesis, whereas upregulated COL6A1 promoted cancer cell proliferation and migration.
Recently, novel core–shell MOF@COF hybrids display excellent performance in various fields because of their inherited advantages from their parent MOFs and/or COFs. However, it is still a grand ...challenge to adjust the morphology of MOFs and/or COFs for consequent performance improvement. Herein, a Ti‐MOF@TpTt hybrid coated with ultra‐thin COF nanobelt, which is different from the fibrillar‐like parent COF, is successfully synthesized through a sequential growth strategy. The as‐obtained Pd decorated Ti‐MOF@TpTt catalyst exhibits much higher photocatalytic performance than those of Ti‐MOF, TpTt‐COF, and Ti‐MOF@TpTt hybrids with fibrillar‐like COF shell for the photocatalytic cascade reactions of ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis and nitroarenes hydrogenation. These can be attributed to its high BET surface area, core–shell structure, and type II heterojunction, which offers more accessible active sites and improves the separation efficiency of photo‐generated carriers. Finally, the possible mechanisms of the cascade reaction are also proposed to well explain the improved performance of this photocatalytic system. This work presents a constructive route for designing core–shell MOF@COF hybrids with controllable morphology adjustment of COF shell, leading to the improved photocatalytic ability to broaden the applications of MOF/COF hybrid materials.
A novel Ti‐MOF@TpTt hybrid, which coats with ultrathin TpTt nanobelt as the shell, is successfully synthesized through a sequential growth strategy. The as‐obtained Pd decorated Pd@Ti‐MOF@TpTt catalyst exhibits much higher photocatalytic performance than Ti‐MOF, TpTt‐COF, and the hybrids with fibrillar‐like COF‐shell for the cascade reactions of AB hydrolysis and nitroarenes hydrogenation.
The advantages of fluorescence bioimaging in the second near‐infrared (NIR II, 1000–1700 nm) window are well known; however, current NIR II fluorescent probes for in vivo tumor imaging still have ...many shortcomings, such as low fluorescence efficiency, unstable performance under in vivo environments, and inefficient enrichment at tumor sites. In this study, Ag2Te quantum dots (QDs) that emit light at a wavelength of 1300 nm are assembled with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) and further encapsulated within cancer cell membranes to overcome the shortcomings mentioned above. The as‐prepared ≈100 nm biomimetic nanobioprobes exhibit ultrabright (≈60 times greater than that of free Ag2Te QDs) and highly stable (≈97% maintenance after laser radiation for 1 h) fluorescence in the NIR II window. By combining the active homotypic tumor targeting capability derived from the source cell membrane with the passive enhanced permeation and retention effect, improved accumulation at tumor sites ((31 ± 2)% injection dose per gram of tumor) and a high tumor‐to‐normal tissue ratio (13.3 ± 0.7) are achieved. In summary, a new biomimetic NIR II fluorescent nanobioprobe with ultrabright and stable fluorescence, homotypic targeting and good biocompatibility for enhanced in vivo tumor imaging is developed in this study.
A superior NIR II fluorescent imaging nanobioprobe with an emission centered at 1300 nm is developed by encapsulating assembly of ultrasmall Ag2Te quantum dots and poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) within a cancer cell membrane. Enhanced fluorescence stability, blood circulation time, and homotypic targeting capability are achieved for in vivo tumor imaging.
Accurate assessments of fish species diversity and community composition are essential for understanding fish ecology and conservation management. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has become an ...integrated method for monitoring fish species. The accuracy and efficacy of eDNA metabarcoding rely heavily on the choice of primers used for PCR amplification. A wide selection of metabarcoding primers for fish has been developed; however, there exists no comprehensive and comparative evaluation of their amplification or taxonomic classification of a rich diversity of fish species, which hinders informed decisions regarding their suitability for different study systems.
Here we reviewed the literature and compiled a list of 22 primer sets for eDNA‐based metabarcoding analysis of teleost fish, the performance of which was compared using in silico PCR, followed by in vitro metabarcoding analysis using eDNA from waterbodies in Beijing, which harbour a high number of freshwater fish species.
We found that the primers showed considerable differences in the amplified taxonomic ranges and proportions, fish taxa richness, species discrimination power and fish community compositions, both in silico and in vitro. The number of fish taxa detected from eDNA by the primer sets varied from 0 to 66. Primers targeting the 12S rRNA gene generally detected greater fish diversity than those targeting the 16S rRNA or COI genes, while primers targeting the cytochrome b gene amplified the fewest fish taxa in vitro.
Regarding target genes, 12S primers generally outperformed other primers in terms of amplified fish diversity. The results of in silico PCR and in vitro tests were not always in agreement, suggesting that primer choice for biodiversity surveys should not be based solely on in silico evaluation. The use of different primers can qualitatively and quantitatively affect the detected biodiversity and these effects should be considered in experimental design and data interpretation. These results will assist with primer selection for eDNA‐based fish surveys, and consequently support conservation of freshwater biodiversity.
摘要
准确评估鱼类物种多样性及群落构成对于了解鱼类生态及保护管理至关重要。环境DNA (environmental DNA, eDNA)结合宏条形码技术是一种鱼类检测的新兴方法。在影响eDNA方法检测准确性和有效性的诸多因素中, PCR引物和条形码区段的选择极为关键。随着eDNA方法的发展, 不同研究者设计出多种鱼类宏条形码通用引物, 由于缺乏标准化的实验流程和具有丰富物种多样性的eDNA样品对这些引物进行全面评估, 难以比较不同引物的扩增表现和相应宏条形码对鱼类多样性的检测能力, 不利于针对不同生态系统选择最适引物进行鱼类研究。
本研究首先通过文献检索筛选得到22对应用于硬骨鱼类eDNA宏条形码研究的引物, 继而利用基于计算机模拟的in silico PCR和基于北京水体提取的eDNA进行in vitro宏条形码分析对这些引物的性能进行全面比较。
In silico和in vitro的研究结果均显示这些引物在对不同生物类群的扩增范围和比例、检测鱼类物种丰富度、物种分辨度和鱼类群落构成等方面存在明显差异。在eDNA宏条形码分析中, 22对引物检测出的鱼类分类单元数范围为0～66。大部分线粒体DNA 12S基因区段的引物相比于16S和COI区段的引物检测出更高鱼类多样性, 而Cytb区段的引物扩增出的鱼类分类单元数最少。
综上, 从引物的目标基因来看, 12S区段的引物对鱼类多样性的扩增表现通常优于其他区段的引物。In silico与in vitro的引物评估结果存在差异, 因此不应仅依据in silico结果进行引物选择。不同引物的使用会对检测到的生物多样性产生定性和定量的影响, 这些影响在实验设计和数据解读中应予以充分考虑。本研究结果对基于eDNA进行的鱼类多样性调查提供了引物选择的依据, 同时为淡水生态系统的生物多样性保护提供了技术支持。
The classification of critical points of charged topological black holes (TBHs) in anti-de Sitter spacetime (AdS) under the Power Maxwell Invariant (PMI)-massive gravity is accomplished within the ...framework of black hole chemistry (BHC). Considering the grand canonical ensemble (GCE), we show that
d
=
4
black hole have only one topological class, whereas
d
≥
5
black holes belong to two different topology classes. Furthermore, the conventional critical point characterized by negative topological charge coincides with the maximum extreme point of temperature; and the novel critical point featuring opposite topological charge corresponds to the minimum extreme point of temperature. With increasing pressure, new phases emerge at the novel critical point while disappear from the conventional one. Moreover, a atypical van der Waals (vdW) behavior is found in
d
≥
6
dimensions, and the anomaly disappears at the traditional critical point. In the limit of nonlinearity parameter
s
→
1
, different topology classes are only obtained in the GCE and they may not exist within the canonical ensemble. With the absence of electric potential
Φ
, the neutral TBHs share the same topological classification results as the charged TBHs in the GCE of Maxwell-massive gravity.
Resistance to trastuzumab and concomitantly distal metastasis are leading causes of mortality in HER2‐positive breast cancers, the molecular basis of which remains largely unknown. Here, we generated ...trastuzumab‐resistant breast cancer cells with increased tumorigenicity and invasiveness compared with parental cells, and observed robust epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and consistently elevated TGF‐β signaling in these cells. MiR‐200c, which was the most significantly downregulated miRNA in trastuzumab‐resistant cells, restored trastuzumab sensitivity and suppressed invasion of breast cancer cells by concurrently targeting ZNF217, a transcriptional activator of TGF‐β, and ZEB1, a known mediator of TGF‐β signaling. Given the reported backward inhibition of miR‐200c by ZEB1, ZNF217 also exerts a feedback suppression of miR‐200c via TGF‐β/ZEB1 signaling. Restoration of miR‐200c, silencing of ZEB1 or ZNF217 or blockade of TGF‐β signaling increased trastuzumab sensitivity and suppressed invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Therefore, our study unraveled nested regulatory circuits of miR‐200c/ZEB1 and miR‐200c/ZNF217/TGF‐β/ZEB1 in synergistically promoting trastuzumab resistance and metastasis of breast cancer cells. These findings provide novel insights into the common role of EMT and related molecular machinery in mediating the malignant phenotypes of breast cancers.
What's new?
Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables invasion and metastasis by malignant cells. A family of microRNAs (miRNAs) called miR‐200 is known to suppress tumor progression by targeting genes involved in EMT, including TGF‐β. In this study, the authors found that miR‐200c deregulation can cause both resistance to trastuzumab (Herceptin) and metastasis in HER2‐positive breast cancers. They also identified several molecular factors that regulate TGF‐β activity and form nested, synergistic regulatory circuits involving miR‐200c. These findings provide novel insights into the role of EMT and related molecular machinery in mediating the malignant phenotypes of breast cancers.
Microplastics have been recognized as a widespread new pollutant in nature and have induced an increase in the occurrence of a variety of diseases in carp. An animal model of microplastic ingestion ...was successfully established in an aqueous environment. The gut microbiota was analysed using a metagenomic approach. The results showed a significant reduction in the relative abundances of Lactococcus garvieae, Bacteroides_paurosaccharolyticus, and Romboutsia_ilealis after PS-MPs treatment. The 16S Silva database was used to predict and analyse the known genes. Intestinal flora disorders related to infectious diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, endocrine and metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other diseases were found. The intake of PS-MPs resulted in damage to carp intestinal tissue and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly increased with the intake of PS-MPs. The gene and protein levels of GRP78, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-9, Caspase-12, PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 were further examined in PS group. The occurrence of ERS and apoptosis in carp intestines was confirmed. These results suggest that the accumulation of PS-MPs in the aquatic environment can disturb the carp gut microbiota and induce ERS, apoptosis, and inflammation in the intestinal tissue.
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•PS-MPs cause dysbiosis in carp gut microbiota.•PS-MPs cause ERS through the gut microbiota.•PS-MPs cause inflammation through the gut microbiota.•PS-MPs cause apoptosis through the gut microbiota.
Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) affect the immune defense function on carp (Cyprinus carpio). The PS-MPs model of carp was established by feeding with PS-MPs particle size of 8 µm and ...concentration of 1000 ng/L water. Hepatopancreas function test revealed the activities of AKP, ALT, AST and LDH abnormal increase. PS-MPs induced tissue damage and lead to abnormal hepatopancreas function. The PS-MPs also induced a oxidative stress with the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and T-AOC activities decreasing and reactive oxygen species (ROS) excessive accumulation. PS-MPs activated the Toll like receptor-2 (TLR2) signaling pathway. The mRNA and protein expressions of TLR2, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), NF-κB p65, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), and cycooxygenase 2(COX2) was revealed increased in both hepatopancreas and hepatocytes with the qPCR and Western blotting analysis mode. ELISA showed the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX2 inflammatory molecule were increased in both hepatopancreas and hepatocytes. The results showed that PS-MPs caused a serious injure in the hepatopancreas and brought serious effects on the inflammatory response of carp. The present study displayed the harm caused by PS-MPs in freshwater fish, and provided some suggestions and references for toxicological studies of microplastics in freshwater environment.
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•PS-MPs caused injury and abnormal function in the hepatopancreas of carp.•PS-MPs induced inflammation by excessive accumulation of ROS in liver of carp.•The TLR2 signal is the key role on the hepatopancreas damage with PS-MPs.
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